Khotan

Bus 101 (there are different variants of this bus, so ensure it goes where you plan to) passes in front of the Main bus station and goes to the Sunday bazaar and the Sunday animal bazaar (a couple of stops after "New Hotan..." monument roundabout. ¥1. Buses have a late-night surcharge but otherwise cost ¥1.

Hiring a taxi to show you the sights outside of town, especially given many travel agencies have closed, is a good way to get around. It will cost in the hundreds of yuan depending on the number and distance of destinations, many of which are geographically close but may not be well known or quick to access, given the long lineups for checkpoints. Finding a taxi driver that speaks Chinese (if you speak it) and knows his/her way around can be a challenge but they do exist. It wouldn't hurt to ask your hotel staff to write down the names of your major destinations in Uyghur (a good idea in any case, even if your driver speaks Chinese) but even more experienced drivers may not know many of the destinations due to the sharp fall-off in tourists in the 2010s.

• Khotan Market. Almost as large as the Sunday Market in Kashgar, but more chaotic and free-spirited. Open every day, busiest in the early afternoon (XJ time), and on Sundays. Not to be confused with the "International Bazaar" which is a tall landmark building near the bus station and more like a mall than a market. 
• Jade Factory (at the intersection of GuJiang BeiLu and JiaMai Lu, near the Hotan Market), ☏ +86 9032035281. Free entry to see people carving Jade with modern tools and intricate Jade pieces for sale. No tours, but you can look and ask questions if you speak Mandarin. 
• 🌍 Khotan Museum (take bus 2 or 6 West from the center of town on Beijing Lu; on the corner of Beijing Lu and Xihuai Lu). Free entry to look around, all items have tags in Chinese, Uyghur and English. Tours available in English for ¥10. Museum has one floor of artifacts including two 2500-year-old mummies. Closed for lunch so arrive early enough to orient yourself vis-à-vis local architectural sites. 
• 🌍 Melikawat Ruins (玛利克瓦特) (south of the Melikawat village). Fascinating and eerie. Pay your entrance fee to unlock the gate to the site, where you'll also get a sell on electric carts to take you around the site for an added charge (unlike fees to unlock the gate, you can bargain on the cart costs). Be ready for dust. The carts aren't strictly necessary and won't go all the way to some of the interesting buildings but are likely to make the friendly folks at the gate even happier to see you. 
• Rawaq Stupa (热瓦克佛寺). Better preserved than most buildings at Melikawat but smaller and northeast of town, east of the cross-desert highway. A visitor center is under construction, but until it is completed then ¥20 ticket fees are paid on entry to the stone path leading to the boardwalk around the stupa. In mid-2017, the direct road was under construction but the site was accessible via the cross-desert highway, demarcated by a large sign to direct drivers who may not be familiar with the route. 
• Desert Vista "Platform" (north of town at the speed checkpoint, where the cross-desert highway enters the desert proper). It is free to walk up to the "platform," a scenic vista point situated on top of a large dune, and down to the restrooms. Camel rides are also available on request, for a fee. Can combine with a trip to Rawaq, which is accessible by turning off the highway north of the desert viewing platform. 
• Khotan Public Square -- TuanJie GuangChang (In the center of town and walkable from most places.). There is communal dancing by both the Uyghur and Han communities and a great Uyghur night market on one of the corners. 
• Khotan Carpet Factory (there are several buses that go this route, including but 5 and 10 - it's just past the river on the edge of town, try to ask the bus driver when to get off because it is not immediately obvious from the road). An industry over 2000 years old in Khotan, carpets woven by hand in a small workshop, tours and sales of carpets available. Seems to be free, without many services for visitors, especially in the off season. 
• White Jade River. Locals search the riverbed for rare white jade but beauty lies in all the other stones left behind. 
• Silk Workshop (In nearby Jiya township northeast of the center, you can get there by taxi or by bus. To take the bus, take bus 2 on Beijing Rd to the end of the line, which is a traffic circle and then take the 110 bus from the traffic circle. The bus driver will most likely be able to tell you when to get off if you say Atlas, but if you keep your eyes open its pretty obvious from the road.). Free tours, only in Chinese, of the local silk workshop, where Atlas Silk is made entirely by hand. Even if you don't speak Chinese it's an interesting place to wander around. Opens at 09:00 Xinjiang time, 11:00 Beijing time, though that may also vary by season. 
• Imam Asim Tomb (Last stop on the 110 bus listed above is about 500 m from the tomb. If you say 'mazaah' a local will be able to point you in the right direction, you can also try to get a ride from one of the many three-wheeled vehicles that carry people going to pray - the locals are more than friendly.). Imam Asim Ancient Tomb is in Jiya Township of Lop County. It is about 23 km from Khotan city. The tomb is 1 km inside of the desert where the farmland and desert merge. Best time to visit the Imam Asim tomb is during April and May on Thursday. Local people come from different parts of Khotan and Xinjiang to observe local wrestling and story-telling with music. This is not really a tourist destination, but a site of religious worship. Women should bring head scarves. 
• Silk Factory (northwest of the center, take the #1 bus from the bus station to the last stop, walk about 150 m). Tours of the local Shatuo Silk Factory can be made, a larger and more mechanized factory. 
• Khotan Winery (Supposed to be down the road from the Silk Factory listed above.). Produces specialty pomegranate and rice wines. 

• Desert Camp and Camel Trek. Camel ride into the Taklamakan Desert with overnight camping. You can enjoy a camp fire dinner and breakfast in the desert. Necessary camping equipment, tents, sleeping bags and blankets, etc. can be provided by.Guide on Line 

The area has been famous for jade for centuries. Khotan jade is first mentioned in written history about 200 BCE. There are mines, but much of the stone is found in riverbeds. This is one of the few areas with black jade and white jade. Be prepared to bargain hard. The city is also known as a traditional centre of Uyghur carpet weaving, so be sure to check out some locally-produced carpets while you're here.

The bazaar area is full of carpet and clothing shops, which are also available at the bazaar and the merchants are often eager to clarify the origins and materials (e.g. which are Central Asian, which are machine-made either in Xinjiang or elsewhere, and which are handmade/of what). Clothing is available in the market, including traditional Uyghur designs (often at fixed posted prices for machine-made dresses, etc.) This isn't a tourist market in Eastern China so while bargaining is helpful for more expensive items (like carpets or more expensive cloth), it may not be needed for many of the cheaper and more common items like basic scarves or clothing items, for which there may be a variety of options at initially reasonable prices from the more reputable vendors.

• Marco's Dream Cafe, YouYiLu, ☏ +86 15292661017. Run by a Malaysian woman and her family, has awesome local travel information and affordable western and Malay food options, coffee and desserts. SE of the Public Square (Tuanjie Guangchang). 
• The Night Market is a massive indoor food hall, about a 20-minute walk south of the central square. At the eastern entrance there are the usual Chinese dishes and sweets, but going inside many more Uyghur options are available for food and desert. Somewhat higher prices than the atmospheric night market in Kashgar but typically still quite modest. Options for everyone and the ability to mix and match.

• Fresh-ground espresso (often at reasonable prices) is surprisingly common at numerous bakeries, juice joints and cafés. While an actual "espresso" often isn't on the menu (usually milk drinks or americanos are), ask for an americano with less water and more coffee.
• Beer is often available from shops but not restaurants. After making sure it is OK with staff, you can often BYOB. Homemade beer is available at a stall in the night market and from vendors selling bottles.
• There is a bar/café outside the eastern entrance to the night market.

There are plenty of cheap places, but foreigners are often not allowed to stay there but are referred to the more expensive foreigner places. The hotels accepting foreigners in the Main Station road seem to take advantage of lack of competition and no regulation and raise prices. With such a few number of places accepting foreigners bargaining hard gets a minimal discount from posted tariffs, if any. It would not be a bad idea to go to a mid-range hotel and at least get what you pay for.

• Traffic Hotel (Jiaotong Binguan) (at the main bus station). Takes foreigners. Reluctant to place foreigners in cheaper rooms. The staff can be as rude as someone can be. ¥30 for a bed in a three-bed dorm with shared toilets down the hall; ¥140-160 for a private double room with attached bathroom. The reduced prices advertised outside in Chinese do not apply for foreigners.. 
• Happy Hotel (500 m to the right from the main bus station). Next to the main bus station, musty rooms have small toilets and hot water. No toiletries, no kettle and one towel per room. This kind of room is usually in the ¥40-60 range in other parts of China. Double ¥120. 
• Yudu Hotel is across from the main square. Beds are hard, windows have no screens, the lobby is smoky and staff respond to most requests with futility. However, there doesn't appear to be systemic milking of foreigners. There is a seemingly nicer Super 8 the alleyway behind the Yudu, but it didn't have a license for foreigners as of mid-2017.

If you decide to go by car west out of Khotan to Kashgar stop in Yengisar and visit the knife factories. Knives are handmade and you can bargain with the owner for some very nice pieces. (As of 2012, it is not possible to ship knives out of China via the China Post, all packages are inspected thoroughly and even boring things like scissors and even some calculators cannot be shipped).

If you stop in Yarkand you can find handmade pocket knives as opposed to the sheathed knives of Yengisar.