Oranienburg

🌍 Oranienburg station is the terminus of the S-Bahn line S1, lying at the edge of Berlin tariff zone C.

Regional trains RE5 and RB12 pass Oranienburg station on their way along the Nordbahn. The hourly RB12 is the only train that also stops at the nearby station 🌍 Sachsenhausen (Nordb.).

The Berlin-Copenhagen Cycle Route passes through Oranienburg. From Berlin to Oranienburg, it is an approximately 50-km well-marked ride.

The bus network is part of the VBB transport association. The buses are operated by OVG. Tickets that include Berlin zone C (ABC or BC) should be valid on the buses.

• 🌍 Oranienburg Palace (Schloss Oranienburg), Schlossplatz 1 (about 1 km from Oranienburg station, so walking is a good option; the nearest bus stop is Breite Straße with bus 824). Tu-Su. The oldest Baroque palace in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. €6. 

🌍 Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum, Straße der Nationen 22, ☏ +49 3301 200200. Despite the lack of advertising, the camp is quite well presented with a number of excellent exhibits, especially the newer post-GDR sections. Some of the older exhibits, however, are only in German (and occasionally Russian). Nearly all the buildings on the site are authentic-looking reconstructions, though many old building sites are only marked by stones. Entrance to the camp and to all the exhibitions is free. Many exhibitions are closed on Mondays but the camp remains open. A small shop by the entrance stocks mainly books about concentration camps and the Nazi era. You may also purchase pamphlets about KZ Sachsenhausen in several languages from here (a token €0.50 each). 

Both train stations are about 2 km from the entrance to the camp, which makes walking a good option. From Oranienburg station, take the left exit, turn right and follow the scattered brown "Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen (memorial site)" signs to the camp. Alternatively, from Sachsenhausen (Nordb.) take a right from the station platform and turn right again onto the footpath, following backward alongside the tracks. After about a kilometer you will reach a road called Straße der Nationen (the crossing has a death march memorial), turn left here and walk for a few hundred meters to the camp.

There are also hourly buses between Oranienburg station and the camp. Take bus 804 (direction Malz) or bus 821 (direction Tiergarten) and exit at the bus stop Gedenkstätte.

The construction of KZ-Sachsenhausen started in 1936, and it was put in use in 1938. It was built with the barracks arranged in a half-circle around the central tower, bit several expansions had to be hastily built to accommodate the swelling population. Many inmates were forced to do slave labor at the nearby Klinkerwerk brickworks, and there were also profitable side lines of money counterfeiting and ammunition manufacturing. It was primarily a detention and work camp. While, the SS policy was to perform mass executions out of view in the East, a group of 12,000 Soviet prisoners of war were killed in Sachsenhausen in 1941. This was followed by the construction of a small gas chamber and crematorium to facilitate killing small groups. Overall, over 200,000 people were imprisoned in KZ-Sachsenhausen and tens of thousands were killed there, mostly through hunger, disease and torture.

The inmates of KZ-Sachsenhausen were a varied group. While Jews were interned, mostly before 1942, the bulk of the population was political prisoners of various kinds, especially actual or suspected Communists and Social Democrats. Other groups included common criminals, "asocials" (artists, playwrights, homeless, etc.), Jehovah's Witnesses, foreign nationals, homosexuals and Roma (Gypsies). In accordance with standard KZ practice, all inmates — including children — were tattooed with their ID numbers.

As the Red Army approached in 1945, the prisoners were marched off towards the North Sea in a death march that claimed over 6,000 lives. After the camp's capture (and inclusion in the GDR), the Soviets documented the facilities and conducted a large trial in Berlin of the responsible Nazis. They then turned the KZ into a prison camp of their own, "Special Camp No. 7", imprisoning former Nazi functionaries, and political prisoners. Until the camp was closed in 1950, some 60,000 people were imprisoned there, of whom about 12,000 died.

In 1951 the GDR police blew up the building with the gas chamber and crematorium. The area was then neglected. In the 1960s the camp was refitted by the Communists and opened as a museum commemorating Anti-Fascistic Struggle, entirely neglecting all non-Communist victims. Israel protested so loudly that a Jewish Museum was soon opened on the grounds. After the Berlin Wall fell, the Soviet-era camp was rediscovered, documented and added to the exhibits. Israel's prime minister Yitzhak Rabin visited in 1992; several weeks afterward the Jewish barracks were hit in an arson attack by neo-Nazis. A new building devoted to the Soviet camp, as well as a new roof over the remains of the crematorium complex were constructed.

• Barracks. Camp inmates were detained in barracks. Unheated in the winter, stifling in the summer, inmates were squeezed three together into a single 70-cm bed and permitted several minutes per day for washing (two cold fountains per 400 prisoners) and using the toilets. Regulations for camp life were detailed and the tiniest violations brutally punished: SS guards were known to suffocate prisoners to death by inserting their heads into the foot washbasins or toilets. Another favorite punishment was locking large groups of prisoners into the broom closets in the summer, usually resulting in several deaths from heat exhaustion. 
• Prison barracks. As if merely being in a concentration camp weren't enough, for difficult cases the camp included special prison barracks with isolation cells and interrogation (read: torture) facilities. It was not unusual for prisoners to spend months alone and blind shackled in tiny cells. One of the prison's inmates was Pastor Martin Niemöller, who famously remarked about not saying anything while they took away his neighbors. Nobody was left to say something when they came for him. (Niemöller survived both Sachsenhausen and Dachau, and became a vocal pacifist.):

  First they came for the Communists, and I did not speak out—
  because I was not a Communist;
  Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—
  because I was not a socialist;
  Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—
  because I was not a trade unionist;
  Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—
  because I was not a Jew;
  Then they came for me—
  and there was no one left to speak out for me.

  Prison regulations extensively detailed permissible methods of torture; quite a few of the exhibit texts seem to be more annoyed by the fact that the guards occasionally exceeded the rules than by the fact that they were using torture in the first place. Official favorites included suspension from poles (resulting in bone dislocation and a slow, painful death), beating with iron truncheons and whipping (not allowed on bare buttocks until the regulations were amended in 1942). 
• Infirmary. The other special barracks were the infirmary for the dead and dying. Medical experiments, including vivisection (dissection of live victims), were carried out in the operating room. Downstairs were facilities for storing corpses. 
• Station Z. In 1942, the additional section known only as Station Z was constructed. Designed for murdering people clinically and quickly, Station Z consisted of a gas chamber, a firing range and a crematorium. While small in comparison with the death factories of places like Auschwitz, on several occasions up to 5,000 people in several days were killed here. Only the ruins of Station Z are left, accompanied by a memorial and protected by a new white roof. 
• Death March memorial. The exact number of the Nazis' victims will never be known, as the bodies were cremated and, on the approach of the Red Army, some 8 or 9 tons of human ashes were dumped into a nearby canal. The victims of the death march, immediately before the liberation of the camp, are better commemorated with memorial stones set up along the route. The Soviets were less careful and left several mass graves in the vicinity of the camp, which have been duly (and perhaps even slightly disproportionately) marked.