Cenotes of the Yucatán

The underground river systems of the Yucatan flow beneath the entire peninsula. During the ice ages when the ocean levels were much lower than they are today, what was once a giant coral reef became exposed to the atmosphere and eventually became the Yucatan Peninsula. Massive cave systems were formed by gradual dissolving of the highly porous coral limestone. These caves are called "solution caves" because they were formed by the slightly acidic rainfall dissolving the alkaline limestone. Inside the caves the geological formations such as stalactites and stalagmites are a spectacular sight to see. Many of the caverns eventually collapsed and the sea levels rose partially or completely flooding the cave systems. The water table of the entire peninsula is filled with consists of seawater at sea level and freshwater 'floating' on top at varying depth depending on the distance from the sea. For instance, Cenote Zaci in Valladolid in the central Yucatan area is about 35 metres from ground level to the surface of the freshwater and probably another 30 metres below that would be the top of the saltwater layer.

It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 cenotes or exposed access points to these cavern and cave systems and thousands of miles of underwater cave passageways have already been explored and exploration continues in too many systems to count. Two of these cave systems have over 140 km of explored passages.

Cenotes are complexes of sinkholes and caves in the Karst geological landscape of the Yucatán. Some cenotes contain spectacular cave formations, while others are important archaeological sites, and several were considered sacred by the Mayans. A few are open to the public for swimming and diving. Of the estimated 30,000 cenotes, many of them unexplored, many are considered to be Mayan cultural and archaeological sites. Ancient fossilized remains of Camels, giant jaguars and mammoths are among the interesting archaeological finds. Most of these have been found by cave divers exploring underwater cave systems and some sites are now protected by INAH, the Mexican government archaeological and historical protection organisation.

Tour operators emphasize the sensitive nature of cenotes, and La Ruta de los Cenotes was first promoted as an ecotourism attraction that would offer sustainable development for the region. To promoters in Quintana Roo, it was a way to bring tourist revenue to a relatively forgotten and marginalized part of the Mayan Riviera. However, some Mexican environmentalists have criticized the construction of the eastern segment of the highway, both for the destruction of pristine forest lands and for the use of heavy equipment in sensitive areas.

Experienced divers have discovered Maya artifacts upsteam of some of the sinkholes they explored dating back over 1,000 years. This has led them to conclude that the water table in this area was significantly lower at one time and the Maya inhabited the caverns which are now full of water. They also concluded that some of the sacrifices made, were to ask the spirits to lower the water table so that they could resume life in the caverns. They also believed that the Maya remained in the area for some time living above ground, while waiting on the waters to recede, before moving on.

Some cenotes are privately owned while others are run by local Mayan communities such is the case of Yokdzonot Cenote nearby Chichen Itza; if you go, they will provide you with a safe vest for a small fee. Yokdzonot Cenote and Ecological Garden should not be missed, the water is pristine blue, the place clean and well kept by a group of Mayan local females that built their own open restaurant and palapas on site, with clean public bathrooms and an eco-friendly water waste system that contribute to the care of the environment and the pride of the town.

🌍 Cancún International Airport (CUN ^IATA); 🌍 Cozumel International Airport (CZM ^IATA) and 🌍 Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport (MID ^IATA) in Merida are the most popular entry points to the Yucatan peninsula from all over Mexico. There are direct international flights from Canada, Cuba (handy for unofficial visits to Cuba), Europe, Central America, the United States and South America into Cancun and only from the United States and Canada to Merida and Cozumel. 🌍 Chetumal International Airport (CTM ^IATA) offers a limited selection of flights to cities in Mexico and the US, mostly to the two Mexico City airports. 🌍 Tulum International Airport (TQO ^IATA) is a major new airport just outside Tulum. The airport's first flights included twice daily service by Aeromexico to/from Mexico City (MEX ^IATA), and several daily flights on VivaAerobus, with direct flights to Mexico City (both MEX ^IATA and NLU ^IATA), Monterrey (MTY ^IATA), Guadalajara (GDL ^IATA), and Tijuana (TIJ ^IATA). Mexicana flies to TQO from Mexico City (AIFA). Aeromexico will begin international service in April 2024 with flights to/from Toronto, San Francisco, and Chicago. Air Canada will begin service in April 2024 between Tulum and Toronto and Montreal. Tulum will be a hub for the revived Mexican state airline, Mexicana.

Many are on private land and accessible only with permission. Most are basically inaccessible by normal means but dozens are open to the public. Entrance fees vary from M$10 to M$100 for cenotes managed by locals. Commercial operations will charge more, US$10-25, usually with more to do or see.

• Snorkel independently in one or more.
• Guided snorkel and diving tours offered by many local dive shops such as Maya Diving
• Swim in them.
• Hiking and walking in the areas around the cenotes can be very interesting with a lot of animals birds and plant life to be seen.

Parts of the route are unpaved. It is listed in Spanish touring guides as a corredor turístico, and is marked in a number of places. At the eastern terminus on Highway 307, there is an archway constructed of concrete. Most of the route was laid out over existing secondary roads. The name is used locally in Quintana Roo for a road segment that connects Puerto Morelos with the interior.

• 🌍 Dzibilchaltún. 15 km north of Mérida in a Mayan archeological site, it has ancient petroglyphs.
• Xlacah. In 1958, an expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society recovered more than 30,000 objects, many of them ritual objects associated with Mayan civilization.
• 🌍 Cuzamá. Three spectacular cenotes are near the village of Cuzamá. They can be reached by hiring a guide from the village. The guide carries equipment to the site via a horse-drawn cart running over an abandoned narrow gauge railroad. The entrance to Bolonchoojol is a hole in the ground with a ladder constructed by welding old railroad ties. Inside is well-lit cavern with crystal clear water and huge stalactites and stalagmites. Chansinic'che is another cenote at Cuzamá, also accessible with a railroad tie ladder, but a faster way to enter is to dive from a precipice near the surface (about 10 m). Chelentun is much more open, and can be reached by a concrete staircase built into the rock, with a handrail. The entire cave is swimable.
• Ring of Cenotes (formally, Reserva Estatal Geohidrológica Anillo de Cenotes) is a Yucatan state park that actually includes Cuzama, but several other cenotes as well, following the edge of the Chicxulub crater (from the meteorite strike that is thought to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs). Other cenotes that are part of the park include San Antonio, Noh-Mozon, and Chunkuy. Cenotes are everywhere in the Yucatan and the state park includes dozens that are known to locals but not listed in travel guides. If you get the chance to hire a local guide to the cenotes, he may show you one or more of the "secret" cenotes.
• Tunkas. Although 97 cenotes have been discovered near this town, none are accessible to tourists and no facilities for tourists are available. They are open only to spelunkers and speliologists.
• 🌍 Cenotillo. The town of Cenotillo, west of Chichén Itzá, derives its name from the many cenotes that are nearby, perhaps 150 in all. The major ones are Kaipech, Xayín, and Ucil. Local guides are available.
• 🌍 Sacred Cenote of Chichén Itzá. Located within the precinct of the famous archeological ruins of Chichén Itzá, it was the site of human sacrifice. Human bones and jewelry of gold and fine jade have been recovered from its waters. It can be viewed from above, but visitors are not allowed to swim there or approach the waters.
• 🌍 Ik Kil. Accessible from the free highway (not the toll road) between Chichén Itzá and Valladolid, it is in an ecological and archeological park. This park also contains the Sagrado Cenote Azul, in a sinkhole that is 26 m deep and surrounded by vegetation. Its crystal blue waters are ideal for swimming. The entrance fee for the park is M$40. It is open daily from 08:00-18:00.
• 🌍 Zací. Located a few hundred meters from the central plaza in Valladolid, this sinkhole is traversed by a walking path that passes under a curtain of stalactites.
• Dzitnup. Seven kilometers southeast of Valladolid, the turquoise waters of this pristine cenote are illuminated by a shaft of sunlight from above.
• 🌍 Boca del Puma. Located in an "eco-park" that is 16 km west of Puerto Morelos on the road to Central Vallarta.
• Siete Bocas. Seven openings into a connected underground waterway. Near Puerto Morelos.
• 2-3 others. Between the 12 km and 16 km markings from Puerto Morelos.

There are numerous cenotes along Hwy 307 south of Playa del Carmen, and those on the road out of Tulum towards Cobá.

Lock your doors and be careful of cenotes where there is no supervision or where the parking areas are remote. People have had their cars broken into and all their clothes and money taken.

Thousands of cenotes are found in every corner of the Yucatan Peninsula. Many are largely unknown to foreign travelers but are open to the public. Some destinations with nearby publicly open cenotes include:

• Tulum - at least a dozen cenotes are within a few kilometers of town
• Coba - three cenotes are within 5 kilometers of the archaeological site
• Merida - a state park called the "Ring of Cenotes" (Anillo de Cenotes) is just southeast of the city

Some scuba dive shops offer advanced cave diving trips to cenotes