Snowdonia National Park

Snowdonia National Park was established in 1951 as the third national park in the UK, and the first in Wales. It covers 2,142 km² (840 square miles, 217,000 hectares) of the Snowdonia region of north-western Wales. It is also an area steeped in history and legend as the natural fortress for the Princes of Gwynedd and for Llewellyn, the last true Prince of Wales.

Dominated by Snowdon, Snowdonia National Park is to Wales what the Lake District is to England. An area of considerable natural beauty, this National Park is set in northern Wales and visitors can paddle their feet on a sandy beach in the morning and be sitting atop the highest peak in England and Wales that same day.

Lakes are almost as much of a feature of Snowdonia as the peaks, so much so that several hydroelectric schemes have been built to harness the potential energy stored within them (See Dinorwig Power Station in the Do section). The water sports that feature so prominently in this region are fed from the high rainfall in the park and this in turn feeds into the rivers and lakes. Much of this water is exported to England; Liverpool's water comes from here.

Much of the world's slate came from this region and the landscape is dotted with the scars of slate pits, some of which are still active today. The casual walker needs only to bend down and pick up a handful of shale to see where much of the local industry came from.

• Snowdon Group - Consisting of Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), Crib y Ddysgl, Crib Goch and Y Lliwedd.
• Glyders and Tryfan - The two Glyders (Fach and Fawr) and Tryfan are the most spectacular but the group also includes Y Garn and Elidyr Fawr.
• Carneddau - the most northern group including Carnedd Llewellyn, Carnedd Dafydd, Pen yr Ole Wen, Yr Elen.
• Moelwyns - a lower group near Blaenau Ffestiniog. Cnicht, sometimes described as 'the Welsh Matterhorn' because of its shape (in spite of its lack of height) is often included.
• Nantlle Ridge and Moel Hebog - to the far west and separating Snowdonia from Lleyn.
• Rhinogs - spectacular heather growth makes for some hard walking - inland from Harlech.
• Arans and Arenigs - lesser-known ranges between Dolgellau and Bala, but including the highest peak in Britain south of Snowdon- 2,969 feet (905 m) Aran Fawddwy.
• Cadair Idris and the Tarrens - in the southern end of the National Park. South of Dolgellau and inland from Tywyn. Softer and greener than some of the northern ranges.
• Berwyn - just outside the park, but a geographical extension. The hills rise to 2,729 feet (832 m) at Cadair Berwyn.

Snowdonia National Park is an ornithologist's paradise with buzzards, ospreys, choughs, peregrines, thrushes, blackbirds, robins, wrens, tits, finches, owls, cuckoos, jays... you get the idea. Perhaps surprisingly, there is only one RSPB reserve within the National Park — at Mawddach Woodlands, on the beautiful Mawddach estuary between Dolgellau and Barmouth.

• Snowdon lily (Lloydia serotina). As the name suggests, this lily is only found in Snowdonia National Park, where it is a rare and protected species. Populations are small and make up six different locations, each with small numbers. Distant cousins of this species can be found in Europe. This species is the subject of a biodiversity action plan in order to spread awareness of its importance to this region of Wales. (updated Jan 2024)
• Gwyniad (Coregonus pennantii). Another species unique to Snowdonia is a freshwater fish of the salmon family. (updated Jan 2024)

The Gwyniad is native only to Bala Lake and was unique to the habitat of the lake. A project to introduce it to another nearby lake was undertaken from 2003 to 2007, to mitigate the risk of its extinction should some tragedy (pollution or similar) befall Bala Lake. The deep waters of the lake are also said to be home to Tegi, Bala's answer to the Loch Ness Monster. Visitors can make up their own minds as to the likelihood of her existence.

The critically endangered Freshwater pearl mussel is another important freshwater species which makes its home in the area.

Mammals including bats, red squirrels, badgers, weasels and polecats may also be glimpsed in this region, while seals, porpoises, dolphins, and even the occasional turtle can be spotted offshore.

Due to the topography, Snowdonia gets its fair share of rain and then some making it one of the wettest places in the United Kingdom. Even if it is not raining on the tops, they are often shrouded in mist or cloud. Care should be taken when walking them (see Stay Safe).

Mainline train services in North Wales are run by Arriva Trains Wales.

• The North Wales Coast Line links Manchester, Crewe and London (in England) with Llandudno Junction (change here for the Conwy Valley Line), Conwy and Bangor.
• The Conwy Valley Line stretches from Llandudno Junction along the Conwy Valley to Betws y Coed and Blaenau Ffestiniog, and connects with trains on both the North Wales Coast line and the Ffestiniog Railway.
• The beautiful Cambrian Coast Line runs from Shrewsbury (in England), across Mid-Wales through Machynlleth, and through the coastal towns of Tywyn and Barmouth, through the south part of Snowdonia, Harlech and Porthmadog, and along the south coast of the Lleyn Peninsula to Pwllheli.

• Traws-Cymru cross-Wales services converge at Dolgellau, from Bangor in the north-west, Wrexham in the north-east and Swansea and Cardiff (via Brecon or Aberystwyth) in the south.

Regular ferry services operate between Holyhead and Ireland, (Dublin and Dun Laoghaire), and are provided by two carriers.

Stenaline and Irish Ferries each offer several daily services between the two ports for passengers and vehicles. Bookings can be made through their respective websites.

There is an air service to RAF Valley on Anglesey, the journey from which takes about an hour from Cardiff. For flights from other destinations, Manchester and Liverpool airports which are across the border in England are the closest bet or Birmingham Airport for the Cambrian Coast area.

The main roads into Snowdonia are the A55 which runs along the north coast, connecting with the M56 and M53 near Chester, and the A5, which leaves the M54 at Shrewsbury and heads west to Betws y Coed and then north-west to Bangor.

(See also Get in above for details of lines into and across North Wales)

• The narrow-gauge Ffestiniog Railway connects the Cambrian Coast line at Porthmadog with the Conwy Valley line at Blaenau Ffestiniog
• Another narrow gauge line, the Welsh Highland Railway connects Porthmadog to Caernarfon via Beddgelert, Rhyd Ddu and Waunfawr.

• Bws Gwynedd operates a network of services throughout the national park, covering almost every community. Some more remote areas have only a very sparse service. Check also the Snowdon Sherpa.

Even trunk roads in the area are generally single-carriageway, the exception being the A55 dual-carriageway, which hugs the north coast. Even minor single-track roads are generally well-surfaced and suitable for any road-worthy vehicle. As with all rural areas, allow for low average speeds when journey planning, even more so at the height of the tourist season when roads throughout the park can become very busy.

Residential roads can be very narrow with tight bends and steep inclines. Even smaller cars will struggle to navigate some of them and they may not be passable with larger 4x4-type (SUV) vehicles.

• 🌍 Llechwedd Slate Mines, Gwynedd LL41 3NB (at Blaenau Ffestiniog), ☏ +44 1766 830306. 9:30AM - 5:30PM. One of the most popular attractions in North Wales. Two underground tours describe the lives of the 19th-century miners. Plenty to see on the surface too. It's all done very well - this is a great place to spend a half day. £14.95 (adults). 
• 🌍 Dinorwig Power Station, Llanberis, Gwynedd, LL55 4TY, ☏ +44 1286 870166, info@fhc.co.uk. At Llanberis — Tours of this power station are, despite the somewhat outdated multimedia presentation at the beginning, a must-see. A huge cavern was carved out of the mountain and six turbines were installed which sit in tunnels between two lakes, one high up, the other at close to sea level. When Britain switches on the kettle during the advert break in Coronation Street, water is released from the upper lake and the most expensive electricity in Britain is generated to cope with demand. Later at night, when demand is low and electricity is cheaper, water is pumped back up to the top lake from the lower one. Wheelchairs are exceptionally well catered-for, and the cafe is not a bad place to stop in whilst waiting for the tour to begin. (updated May 2019)

• 🌍 Snowdon Mountain Railway, ☏ +44 84 4493 8120. Departs from Llanberis. This spectacular 4 miles (6.4 km), roughly 2½-hour train journey climbs 3,500 feet (1,100 m) up Mount Snowdon and is the only rack-and-pinion railway in the UK, dating to 1896. Trains depart first at about 9AM. There is a 30-minute stop at the summit; the train leaves again promptly, so make sure you are back on time! It costs £21 for a roundtrip, discounted if the first train of the day is taken, or if you go one way. Open mid-March to October, several trains a day, more in summer. Be prepared to wait several hours after buying your ticket. £18 adults. 
• 🌍 Bala Lake Railway. Bala. 
• 🌍 Corris Railway, ☏ +44 1654 761701 (museum), enquiries@corris.co.uk. Near Machynlleth. £6 adults, £3.50 children. 
• 🌍 Ffestiniog Railway, ☏ +44 1766 516000. 10:10AM–12:55PM (departures). Runs from Blaenau Ffestiniog to Porthmadog. The trip is about 13 miles (21 km) long. 
• 🌍 Llanberis Lake Railway. Llanberis. 
• 🌍 Talyllyn Railway, Tywyn, Gwynedd LL36 9EY, ☏ +44 1654 710472 (Booking), Enquiries@talyllyn.co.uk. Tywyn. The world's first heritage railway and inspiration for the Ealing comedy film The Titfield Thunderbolt. Features in the popular Railway Series of children's books by Rev W Awdry as the "Skarloey Railway". 
• 🌍 Welsh Highland Railway. Connecting Porthmadog, Beddgelert and Caernarfon. 

• A diesel train can also be taken up Snowdon: for a family of four, this costs £90: three-quarters of the price of the steam train. Be prepared to wait several hours after buying your ticket.

There are a number of castles in Snowdonia dating from the 12th and 13th centuries. They were constructed at the time of the battles by the Welsh Princes of Gwynedd to resist the rule of King John, and more significantly, King Edward I of England. Most of the castles are in the care of Cadw , the historic environment service of the Welsh Assembly Government. Most of the English-built castles forming the "Ring of Steel" around North Wales lie outside the National Park, as they were sited on the coast. The Welsh princes tended to stick to the mountain country where they hoped to hold the upper hand.

• 🌍 Castell y Bere. Last stronghold of the Welsh Princes, and their most impressive fortress. Stunning location in Bro Dysynni. (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Dolbadarn. Welsh built castle situated between Llyn Peris and Llyn Padarn lakes, close to the town of Llanberis (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Dolwyddelan. Welsh castle, in the village of the same name on the main A470 road between Betws-y-Coed and Blaenau Ffestiniog. Reputed birthplace of Prince Llywelyn the Great. The Disney film Dragonslayer was filmed here. (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Harlech. One of Edward I's "ring of steel". Looks menacingly across Tremadog Bay at the Welsh Criccieth Castle. (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Caernarfon. Another of Edward I's main castles, where Edward II was born. (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Beaumaris Castle. The most well-preserved concentric castle in Britain and can be seen from the national park. (updated Jan 2021)
• 🌍 Conwy. Cadw's handbook states that this is "by any standards one of the great fortresses of medieval Europe." The gateway to the national park from the east. (updated Jan 2021)

Wales' highest mountain and the highest in the UK south of Loch Lomond, Snowdon is also the most popular mountain in Wales, climbed by an estimated 500,000 people every year.

The most spectacular way up Snowdon is via the Crib Goch arete — not for the fainthearted, and not unless you know that the weather will hold up. (This is an exposed scrambling route rather than a regular walk; the BMC guide is a good starting point for you to make an informed decision about attempting it.) If you descend via the Lliwedd ridge then you have done the Snowdon Horseshoe. Start and finish at Pen y Pass at the top of the Llanberis Pass on the Llanberis to Capel Curig road. Easier on the heart is the Pyg track and Miner's track, also starting from Pen y Pass. These are gentle at first before the big climb, and pass by the lakes that sit in the middle of the horseshoe.

Other routes include the Llanberis Path, which follows the train track and is rather boring; the Snowdon Ranger Path from the train station (Welsh Highland Railway) and youth hostel of the same name; the Rhyd Ddu path from the village of Rhyd Ddu (also served by WHR trains), and the Watkin Path from Nantgwynant, which starts at only 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level and therefore requires the largest gain in altitude, though fortunately there are several waterfalls along the path which are popular for cooling off in on hot days.

Of course you can also get the train to the top, but try to resist standing at the summit looking proud of your "achievement"!

Snowdon was used by Sir Edmund Hillary to train for his successful ascent to Mount Everest. Snowdon is considered a very dangerous mountain in winter time, and should not be ascended without proper equipment and knowledge (see stay safe).

Looking like a giant fossilised Stegasaurus, Tryfan is said to be the only mountain in Britain south of the Scottish Highlands that cannot be climbed without using the arms. At the summit are two large standing rocks known as Adam and Eve, and there is a tradition of jumping between them to earn the "freedom" of the mountain. It's not a physically difficult jump, but you'll need a really good head for heights in order to attempt it. (There is a far bigger drop from the rocks on the east side than the gap between the rocks themselves.)

Bristly Ridge links Tryfan to Glyder Fach and Glyder Fawr, the main peaks of this range. Don't miss a great photo opportunity at the famous Cantilever on Glyder Fach.

This range is to be found at the southern edge of the national park. The largest (892m/2927 ft) and best-known mountain is Cader Idris (sometimes spelt Cadair Idris), which is the 2nd most climbed mountain in Wales. The most popular and arguably, best route is the Minffordd Path which starts from the hamlet of the same name, near Talyllyn Lake. The mountain can also be climbed from the village of Llanfihangel y Pennant at the head of the Dysynni valley, and there are also a number of paths from the northern side, accessed from Dolgellau.

Legend has it that there are only 3 potential outcomes if you spend the night on Cader Idris. Either you will die in the night, you will wake up insane, or you will wake up as a bard (poet). If you want to test this out then there are some excellent wild camping spots on the shores of Llyn (lake) Cau (accessed from Minffordd), or Llyn y Gadair on the Dolgellau side. Check out the article on Leave-no-trace camping before you go.

The lower Tarren range of hills between Tywyn and Abergynolwyn provides excellent walking, without the crowds that can sometimes be found on Cadair Idris. Ordnance Survey Explorer Map sheet OL23 Cadair Idris and Bala Lake is essential.

• Expeditionguide.com, ☏ +44 1248 681357. Provide mountain guiding in Snowdonia and training courses in navigation, scrambling and rock climbing. 
• Outward Bound Aberdyfi (Outdoor Activity Centre), Aberdyfi, ☏ +44 1654 767464. They also have centres in Cumbria and Scotland. They offer courses for companies, schools, families and individuals. 
• Plas y Brenin, ☏ +44 16 9072 0214. The National Mountain Centre, Capel Curig. Offers courses in hillwalking, rock climbing, kayaking, canoeing, orienteering, skiing and more. The centre has a pool, climbing walls, ropes course. 
• AC Adventures, ☏ +44 1654 711389. Based in Tywyn and run by experienced instructors. Offers tailored activity breaks, activities include climbing, gorge walking, mountain biking, navigation skills training and more. 
• Rock Climbing Company, ☏ +44 1492 641430. Climbing and scrambling courses in Snowdonia. 
• Mountain Biking. There are a number of marked trails in the Dyfi Valley Forest, centred around Machynlleth, including the purpose-built CliMachx route. Coed y Brenin Forest, near Dolgellau, has 6 waymarked trails, and Beddgelert and Betws y Coed also have trails in their surrounding forestry. The ascent of Cadair Idris from Llanfihangel y Pennant near Tywyn is classified as a bridleway, and therefore can be used by mountain bikes. It's a tough slog up but the descent (from 892 metres (2,927 ft) at the summit to only a few metres above sea level in the valley) must rank as one of the finest in the country. Not recommended for summer weekends due to the number of hikers.
• Canolfan Tryweryn - The National Whitewater Centre, ☏ +44 1678 521083. Frongoch, Bala. White-water rafting and canoeing on the River Tryweryn. The flow of water in the river is governed by a dam controlling the flow of water from the Llyn Celyn reservoir, meaning that conditions in the water are predictable - though this does not make the experience any less exhilarating once you are on the river. 
• Rock Climbing Courses, ☏ +44 7919 484209. Courses in rock climbing, scrambling and hill walking. 

• 🌍 Cae Gwyn Farm, Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd, LL41 4YE, ☏ +44 1766 540245, enquiries@caegwynfarm.co.uk. A reasonably priced B&B near Coed-y-Brenin with four ensuite rooms which can be either double or twin rooms. 
• 🌍 Ty'n Rhos Country House, Ty'n Rhos Seion, Llanddeiniolen, Caernarfon. LL55 3AE (between Caernarfon and Bangor), ☏ +44 1248 670 489, enquiries@tynrhos.co.uk. On the open plain, 6 miles from the park. Remarkable views, expansive gardens, a fine dining restaurant (open to both residents and non-residents) and spacious rooms. (updated Aug 2016)

An array of quality-assured self-catering facilities are dotted in and around the area ranging from modern flats, and purposely converted units on farm complexes to fully residential traditional Snowdonia farmhouse cottages.

• 🌍 Snowdonia Cottage Breaks, ☏ +44 1286 830327, info@snowdoniabreaks.co.uk. Family and group accommodation. Traditional farmhouse. Sleeps up to 14. Views to Mount Snowdon and the sea. 
• 🌍 Plas Gwynfryn, Llanbedr, Gwynedd LL45 2NY, ☏ +44 7767 473505, +44 1341 241363, enquiries@plasgwynfryn.co.uk. Check-in: 4PM, check-out: 10AM. An Edwardian country house available to hire for self-catering holidays. Sleeps 14 - 18. The guest bedrooms consist of four double ensuites, two family rooms and a twin room. Sea and mountain views. From £1400. 

The Youth Hostels Association (YHA) has a dozen hostels in, or close to, the national park. Most of these are in the northern part of the park, around Snowdon. Only Kings hostel, near Penmaenpool and Ffynonwen hostel, near Bala cover the southern or eastern areas of the park.

There are also numerous private hostels, especially in the popular outdoor activity centres such as Llanberis, Betws y Coed and Bala.

Snowdonia has a large number of campsites and finding a pitch is rarely a problem. Facilities range from the most basic with nothing more than a drinking water tap in the corner of a small field, up to plush "holiday parks" with electric hook-ups, laundry facilities, on-site restaurants and night-time entertainment. See the relevant town and village articles for listings.

• 🌍 West Point Beach Resort, Lon y Wig, Pontllyfni, LL54 5EH, ☏ +44 1286 830205. Sea-front caravan and lodge park with mountain views. Touring pitches are available for caravans. (updated Dec 2016)

Wild camping is possible but remember that in Snowdonia, like other UK National Parks, the vast majority of the land is in private ownership. Generally, at low levels and/or in the busy tourist season, it's better to stick to "official" campsites. On higher ground, in less popular areas, or out of season, you're less likely to encounter any problems. Use your discretion as to what constitutes an appropriate site, and where possible gain the permission of the farmer or landowner. Please follow the guidelines in Leave-no-trace camping.

• If you hear thunder or see lightning in the countryside, take cover if possible, but do not shelter under lone trees. Lie low, preferably in a ditch, until the lightning has passed.