Tajikistan

There is no universal system for transcribing Tajik into English. Having been part of the Soviet Union, Russian spellings are often used for transcribing place names into English, but this has become less common as Tajikistan has begun to establish its own identity. The most commonly seen spelling differences will be the interchangeability of O's and A's, A's and E's, and G's and H's. Sometimes consonants can be doubled. As an example, the Hisor mountain range can appear as Gisor, Gissar, or Hissar as well.

Street signs for major cities – at least those concerning toponyms – are written in both Tajik and English. Occasionally, these signs will write Ғ, Қ, and Х as G, K, and H, instead of Gh, Q, and Kh. The letter ъ, which represents the glottal stop, is usually written as an apostrophe ('), but may also be omitted when transcribing.

Tajikistan is very hot and sunny most of the year. In the west, north and south of the country there is a temperate inland subtropical climate (but palm trees do not grow). The hottest part of the country is the southern region – Khatlon Vilayat. The climate of this part of the country is generally similar to that of neighboring Uzbekistan and the far north of Afghanistan. This can be compared with the climate of northern Greece, central Italy, northern Spain or partly southern France, central Turkey, or with the climate of northern California or Colorado.

The hottest months in this country are June, July and August. July is especially hot, and the temperature is considered normal from +45 to +55. Nevertheless, such temperatures are easier to tolerate here, since the air here is very dry, not humid, as, for example, in India, Thailand, Malaysia and similar countries. It is most comfortable to visit this country from mid-May to early June or from August to early September, when it is not cool, as in winter, but also not very hot, as in the height of summer. But it is worth considering that in April and May, as well as in September and October, rainy, cloudy and windy days are not uncommon. There will definitely be no rains and cloudy days only in the summer months. It may snow in Tajikistan in winter, but it usually melts after a few days, remaining only in mountainous areas.

The climate of the eastern country (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region) and other high-altitude areas is worth mentioning separately. There is severe weather here, when it is very hot during the day, and with the onset of darkness, extreme cold begins. For example, in summer during the daytime the temperature can be +35-45, and at night +5. In winter, the night temperature in the mountains can reach -25.

The Tajik portion of the Ferghana Valley is consistently about 1°C colder than in Dushanbe at any given point of the year. Being at the mouth of a long valley with a wide open desert to the west, the area around Khujand is usually very windy, which makes the temperature feel even cooler. Snow is usually uncommon in northern Tajikistan, with cities like Khujand and Isfara getting only a few days of snow a year.

Tajikistan is 93% mountainous, and is home to a handful of peaks over 7,000 m (23,000 ft). The eastern region of the country is dominated by the Pamir mountains, which themselves are the northernmost extension of the Hindu Kush. Running across the middle of the country are the Alay mountains (which splits Tajikistan from Kyrgyzstan) and the Turkestan mountains (which separates Khujand and the Tajik portion of the Ferghana Valley from the south). Smaller notable ranges include the Gissar/Hisor range near Dushanbe, the Zeravshan range, and the Fann mountains near Panjakent. The Tian Shan range clips Tajikistan in the northeast and makes up most of the country's border with China.

There are three main valleys/flatlands in Tajikistan: the Tajik portion of the Ferghana Valley includes the cities of Khujand and Isfara, and are more tied with the neighboring Uzbek and Kyrgyz portions of the valley than they are with southern Tajikistan (mainly because the mountain passes between Dushanbe and the Ferghana Valley often become impassable in the winter). West of Dushanbe is the picturesque Zeravshan (Zerafshan) Valley, in which the jewels of Tajikistan lie: Panjakent and the Seven Lakes. The southwest of the country around Kulob and Bokhtar/Qurghonteppa is mainly flatlands comprised of cotton fields and what little intensive agriculture the Tajik climate can host. In the Pamir region, small U-shaped valleys dot the land along riverbanks, and up near Lake Karakol there are some "flatlands" (in reality high-altitude mesas).

The country's lowest point is at the Amu Darya on the Afghan border (300 m), and its highest point is at Qullai Ismoili Somoni (7,495 m).

The ancient site of Sarazm near the Uzbek border was inhabited since as far back as 3900 BCE, possibly making it the oldest city in Central Asia, and one of the oldest in the world (it was a contemporary of Ur and Argos). We have no idea who occupied Sarazm; artifacts discovered seem to relate to some other regional sites, and there were obvious fire-altars (although whether they were Zoroastrian or not is still unknown). It is highly unlikely, though, that the people at Sarazm were related to modern-day Tajiks, since the Indo-Iranian migrations are believed to have started around 2000 BCE, almost 2 full millenia after Sarazm was established.

The earliest people in the region in the region for whom we have names were Indo-Iranian nomads or semi-nomads called the Saka/Scythians by today's scholars. By the 6th century BCE, a different group of Indo-Iranian people called the Sogdians emerged. These Sogdians organized political units in greater Central Asia based around towns or fortresses on key trade routes (like their "capital" at Panjakent), but they never unified into a greater political empire. Buddhism spread out of South Asia through Afghanistan and Tajikistan on its way to China, and even today some Buddhist remains can be found at archeological sites and museums throughout the country. By the 8th century CE, various Turkic confederations migrated into Central Asia, displacing and absorbing the local Sogdians and forever altering the ethnic makeup of Central Asia. But due to the remoteness and hostile environments of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Persian-speaking peoples were able to retain their individual cultures without being fully absorbed by their Turkic neighbors. The Battle of Talas (751) between the Arab Caliphate and Tang China in what is now Kyrgyzstan introduced Islam as a religion of victory to the Turkic and Iranian peoples of Central Eurasia, and the conversion of many Central Asians (both Turkic and Iranian) by Sufi mystics forever altered the religious landscape of the region.

The region covering today's Tajikistan was part of various versions of the Persian Empire for much of its history. This region has been an important place for flourishing Persian culture and language. The success of Persian-speaking/writing polymaths, poets, and religious thinkers during the Umayyad Caliphate established Persian as the language of the arts in the Islamic world. (Arabic became the language of God, Persian of art and love, and Turkish of war, per historian Kenneth Harl.) The great Central Asian cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva were historically populated by a mix of Turkic (mainly Uzbek) and Tajik peoples, and both peoples lay claim to those cities' legacies. All three cities existed as independent khanates by the 1700s; the Khanate of Bukhara controlled the western half of today's Tajikistan. During the late 1800s, the "Great Game" between Imperial Russia and Great Britain led the former to annex eastern Tajikistan (the Pamirs) and the Ferghana Valley and turn the Khanate of Bukhara into a protectorate.

With the Russian Revolution in 1917, Central Asia experienced the Russian Civil War. The main Central Asian component of the civil war was the Basmachi revolt, which was eventually brutally suppressed by the victorious Bolshevik Soviets. As 'punishment' for the revolt, the nominally-independent Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara were absorbed into the Soviet Union, and in the 1930s under a policy of "national delineation", borders were drawn in Central Asia. Ostensibly, these were to give each major ethnicity (as defined by the Soviets) a Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), but the way the borders were drawn were to deliberately weaken the political power of any of the SSRs (hence the mess that is the Ferghana Valley) – during this process, the three main Central Asian cities (Khiva, Bukhara, and Samarkand) were carved into the Uzbek SSR, which has influenced current Tajik national identities and foreign relations. In 1990–1991, Tajikistan suddenly found itself independent.

Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence from the USSR in 1991. In March of 1992, a violent crackdown on protests in Dushanbe combined with regional ethnic tensions led to a civil war. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997 and implemented in 2000. The central government's less-than-total control over some areas of the country has forced it to compromise and forge alliances among factions. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term.

Tajikistan is the poorest and least developed former Soviet republic. In 2022, remittances accounted for 51% of Tajikistan's GDP, making it the most remittance-dependent economy in the world.

The main resources of Tajikistan are water, aluminum, cotton, electric power, fruits, vegetable oils, and textiles. Drug trafficking is a major source of income in Tajikistan, especially in the areas around the Afghan border.

• Travel Tajikistan website

Nationals from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia and Ukraine do not need a visa for visits up to 90 days.

From 1 January 2022 Tajikistan has implemented a 30-day visa-free policy for passport holders of 52 countries. See the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for details.

Following the trends of other Central Asian countries, visas are increasingly easy to obtain, particularly for nationals of wealthy countries. This policy is designed to stimulate tourist activity in Tajikistan. There is no longer a requirement to register with OVIR for tourist visits under 30 days. Letters of invitation are no longer needed on arrival at Dushanbe airport, but are needed to prearrange a visa from the UK and US embassies.

Evisas for 60 days are available for US$30 for citizens of most wealthy countries. You may apply for a GBAO permit along with the evisa for an extra US$20. The evisa can be used at all land borders and airports, and is typically approved within two working days. Some people have reported teething problems with the evisa system (see Caravanistan), but for the most part the system works well and saves a page in your passport. Remember to print the e-visa before arrival, they will not accept a digital copy. Black and white is fine.

You may apply for a visas in advance at a Tajik embassy or online (see above), or if you are a citizen of a country that has no Tajik embassy, you may purchase one upon arrival at Dushanbe Airport. To save time you can complete and print a form before arrival. It is best to use the Tajik form, bring two passport photos, a handful of photocopies of your passport and cash. The process takes around 10 minutes. Tourist visa in Tajikistan costs US$25 in Dushanbe International Airport and in consular representatives abroad. A separate permit is required if you wish to travel to the GBAO region. It is easily obtained when applying for a visa or in Dushanbe, cost is US$50 locally or at consulates in Central Asia, but is usually free in Europe.

If crossing a land border then get a visa prior to arrival. The embassies in Vienna and London are the most professional. You may struggle to get a visa at some consulates who will simply say “get it at the airport” (e.g. Kabul), which isn't useful if you want to arrive by land.

National carrier Tajik Air and the new private airline Somon Air are the country's two airlines. From Dushanbe, flights are available to numerous cities across Russia, including Moscow (Zhukovsky airport), Saint Petersburg, Samara, Sochi, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Kazan & Yekaterinburg.

Aside from Russia, the main international destinations to/from Tajikistan are:

• Istanbul — Turkish Airlines, Somon Air
• Dubai/Sharjah — Somon Air, Tajik Air
• Frankfurt — Somon Air
• Tehran — Somon Air, Iran Aseman Airlines
• Almaty — Somon Air, Air Astana

Flights between Jeddah and Dushanbe are set to begin in March 2024 through Somon Air. Also starting in 2024 are flights between Khujand and Dubai/Istanbul, giving travelers more options when planning how to get in/out of the country.

Periodically you can find flights between Dushanbe and Tashkent or Samarkand, but these happen less routinely than flights to the above destinations.

The airport in Khujand has service to about a dozen Russian cities through 8 carriers plus a weekly China Southern Airlines flight to Ürümqi. There are also routine Dushanbe-Khujand (and vice versa) flights every day for about 400 somoni.

While relations with Uzbekistan are the best among Tajikistan's neighbors, it is the most crossed by travelers and the roads to these crossings are in much better condition than those leading to Kyrgyzstan or Afghanistan. The journey from Tashkent to Khujand takes about 2½ hours and is frequently travelled by private cars and marshrutkas (minibuses) which will take you along for a small amount (under US$10). The short (60-km) trip from Samarkand, Uzbekistan to Panjakent is also frequently travelled by private cars and marshrutkas. As of 2019, the border crossing near Panjakent is open without hassle, after being closed due to strained relations between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. If you want to go to Tashkent from Khujand, you have to cross the border at the Oybek post; if you want to go to Samarkand from Khujand you'll want to cross at the Qushtegirmon/Bekobod crossing. There are marshrutkas and taxis from Khujand to Oybek. Taxis cost from 50 to 100 somoni depending on time of a day.

In winter months, snow blocks the passes connecting Dushanbe with the north of Tajikistan. To travel between Dushanbe and the north during these months, you need to head south and cross from Termez (in Uzbekistan), which will take you around the west & south sides of the mountains and take you to Dushanbe.

From Kyrgyzstan, there are a couple of options, mostly from Osh and none make for a very smooth journey. The rugged, remote Pamir Highway (see next paragraph) is the slowest, but most popular. From the crossroads at Sary-Tash, a road leads west for 500 km through the Karategin Valley to Dushanbe. A little rugged near the border, but not nearly so as the Pamir Highway. As of May 2019, the border (crossing the border near Kara-Myk village) is completely closed to foreigners. Reasons for this are speculative but according to locals, there are a few villages near the border with extremist activity and foreigners aren't taken kindly to; best not to go anywhere near, or at least be discreet if you do. A third option is from the Batken region to Isfara. This road passes through several Uzbek exclaves and used to be a complicated process necessitating multiple-entry visas, but as of May 2019 the drive is just like any other marshrutka ride.

A scenic, albeit rough, journey into Tajikistan is via the Pamir Highway which runs from Osh to Khorugh to Dushanbe. Just about the only highway in the GBAO region, this route ranges from smooth tarmac full of buses, trucks to a single-lane road carved into a cliff. The border crossing lies at 4280 m and peaks at the Ak-Baital Pass at 4,655 m. The journey takes 2–3 days from Osh-Khorugh and three on the rougher stretch from Khorugh to Dushanbe, longer if you want to stop and enjoy the scenery. Minivans travel the route from Osh to Murghab every few days for US$15; hitch-hiking on Kamaz trucks and ZIL petrol tankers is also possible anywhere en route for US$10. A 4-wheel drive is necessary and large portions of the highway are impassible in winter and frequently blocked by mudslides in spring.

The US has funded a couple of bridges connecting Tajikistan with Afghanistan. Roads from Bokhtar, Kulob, & Dushanbe lead to the main crossing at Nizhnii Pyanj. From there, a road leads south to Kunduz. There is a bridge at Khorugh leading to Feizabad, Afghanistan, and a few mountainous roads elsewhere in the GBAO leading to Afghanistan.

A border crossing with China was opened in 2004. The crossing and connecting roads link the Pamir Highway with the Karakorum Highway and provides a link to Kashgar (Kashi) to the north and Pakistan to the south. As of 2010, it remains closed to foreigners.

A ferry operates across the Pyanj river between Afghanistan and Tajikistan that costs roughly US$10 one way. However, the opening of the US-funded bridge over the Pyanj will likely end this service, which crosses roughly three times per day and does not run on Sundays.

There are two international connections to Tajikistan: Moscow-Dushanbe (2 per week) and Moscow-Khujand (once weekly), both visible on the Russian Railways website. Passengers are only supposed to board them only at stations in Russia and in Kazakhstan. There are only service stops on Uzbek and Turkmen territory. Trains to Moscow are popular with migrant workers.

The Moscow-Khujand train crosses Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan so one simply needs respective transit visas.

The Moscow-Dushanbe train takes around five days and crosses Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan again. The Turkmen part is virtually inaccessible for non-Tajik citizens as Turkmenistan does not issue transit visas "from-then-again-to Uzbekistan" and one would need a standard non-transit visa (Tajiks don't need any papers for transiting Turkmenistan with this train). One could in principle leave the train before it enters Turkmenistan, take a bus/taxi and re-board it again once it re-enters Uzbekistan.

Scheduled minivans run between the major cities but otherwise hiring a vehicle or sharing one with other passengers is the only way to travel around the country. Prices are generally per person, not for the vehicle, and divided by the number of passengers. You can always pay for the entire car too if you are either in a rush or don't want to share with strangers. The nice thing about shared taxis is that the drivers will almost always drop you off at your destination, rather than a set point in the city like a marshrutka or minibus will do.

SUVs can be hired and leave daily from Khujand's large minibus terminal located just outside the city. Prices are negotiable but should be in the range US$60 per person. Check that the vehicle is fit for long road travel, and inspect the spare tire.

Marshrutkas are similar to minivans in design but that act more like buses in that they have set routes they travel. Most Tajik cities will have a plethora of marshrutkas that run different routes. A marshrutka ride within a town usually costs 2.5 somoni per person and is paid when you get on the vehicle (although marshrutkas to and in Isfara will collect fares when you leave the vehicle). These are often the fastest form of transportation in cities, as they only stop when people want them to (either when they're hailed like taxis or when someone inside says stop), as opposed to buses that call at every stop. To tell the driver to stop, simply say "dored" (stressed on the second syllable). Some drivers will slam on the brakes then and there, while others will glide to a stop at the next available pull-off.

In Dushanbe and Khujand, there are city bus networks. Neither city network has published maps of the routes (either on buses/at stops or online), so you'll need to ask locals or the driver if the bus goes where you need. Buses display major stops on their routes on the readerboard above the windshield and doors.

Officially, you can only pay for a bus via a special bus card (which can be acquired for free at Dushanbe City offices), to which you can add funds at orange ATM-like kiosks. In practice, most bus drivers also will take coin and small bill payments (don't try to break anything above a С20, though). In Dushanbe, the cost for a single ride is С1.8 by bus card and С2 in cash.

No bus routes connect cities.

As the country is broken into many isolated areas by mountain passes that are closed in winter, travel during this time is by air only, if the planes are flying. Tajik Air and Somon Air operate several daily flights to Khujand (roughly 40 minutes) and Khorugh, a thrilling plunge through mountain peaks. This flight does not go if it is windy. Khujand can get horrible fog in the winter, which can cause flights to be delayed or canceled. If your flight is canceled due to weather conditions, your ticket will be valid for the next available flight (usually rescheduled for the next day). Ticket vendors next to the Green Market in Dushanbe can provide a reliable estimate of their timetable. Make sure you arrive early for your flight. Also, passports and visas will be checked on domestic flights, so bring them with you.

Neither Tajik Air nor Somon Air have websites that allow for booking. Rather, you must go to the airport or an "Aviakassa" in the city and book tickets there. This is true even for international flights run by these carriers.

Tajik railways have no website. There are two confirmed trains running in Tajikistan: Moscow-Dushanbe (2 per week) and Moscow-Khujand (one weekly) that can be taken locally. Both timetables are accessible through Russian Railways website. There are 2 trains every week (Tuesday and Saturday) from Dushanbe via Bokhtar to Kulob (leaves Dushanbe at 08:00). There are also 2 trains a week from Dushanbe via Qurghonteppa (Bokhtar) to Shahrtuz. The rolling stock are still the old Soviet ones. The trains are very slow, often only 25 km/h but a good opportunity to meet local people and to enjoy the landscape. It is forbidden to take pictures of train stations and the rolling stock.

An international driving license is required. The traffic culture is very different from that in the West. Traffic is dangerous for both pedestrians and drivers. Vehicles are often in poor condition and lack seat belts or are not used. Traffic rules are not respected and speeding is common. Traffic is slowed down by safety checkpoints. Driving in Tajikistan is a case study in how close cars can get without hitting each other, and horns are used often to message other drivers, even moreso than in other countries. It is illegal to make a right turn at a red light unless otherwise marked, even if it would be safe to do so.

Even though Tajikistan is about the same size as Bangladesh, driving times are often considerably longer than one might expect. Most of the Tajik roads, in addition to being in poor condition, follow rivers or other natural mountain passes rather than bypassing them with tunnels or bridges; all the zigzagging around mountains adds hours to the trip.

Roads are in poor condition and often only passable by off-road vehicles, except in Dushanbe and Khujand, the two largest cities (and even there, roads off the main roads aren't always paved). In particular, roads in the Rasht Valley and Pamir are in poor condition. Access to these parts of the country is disrupted by snow in winter and landslides in spring. The road between Dushanbe and Khujand passes through the reopened Anzob tunnel, which has been rehabilitated, but is dangerous, especially in winter, due to slippery conditions and occasional avalanches.

There are very few Western-style guardrails on mountain passes. Most "guardrails" are in reality large cinder blocks or boulders placed on the valley-side of the road when there are turns.

Due to the poor condition of the roads, avoid driving outside the towns during the dark hours. Road lighting is generally limited to the main streets in urban areas. There are few petrol stations and garages outside urban areas and fuel quality can vary. Due to the sparse network of petrol stations, it is also advisable to fill up with fuel in reserve tanks. It is advisable to take a satellite phone with you in case of an emergency. Road conditions should be checked in advance with the authorities.

The somoni (Tajik: сомонӣ) is the national currency of Tajikistan. It is subdivided into 100 diram (Tajik: дирам). Wikivoyage uses С placed before the amount in all our articles. However, when you're shopping locally, you may see a variety of notations placed before or after the amount (most commonly just the letter С).

Banknotes come in denominations of С1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 and you may find С0.01, С0.02, С0.05, С0.10, С0.20, С0.25, С0.50, С1, С3 and С5 coins in circulation. It is much more common to find С1, 3, and 5 coins than it is to find their bill equivalents. It is extremely rare to find any dirams smaller than С0.20 (and the С0.25 coin as well); if you are lucky enough to come across any of these, they'd make great souvenirs.

Tajikistan is by and large a cash-based society. ATMs are becoming more and more common across the country, but they are still by and large limited to bank ATMs. The only credit card company that is universally accepted by Tajik ATMs is Visa. Other credit card companies (like Discover, MasterCard, etc.) are virtually unknown in Tajikistan. It might be a good idea to have US dollars or euros with you to change in a bank. Bank ATMs also offer dollars.

It is illegal in Tajikistan to pay in anything other than somonis. This is especially important if you enter the country by crossing a land border – make sure you have some somoni with you before you try to find a way into town.

It is relatively uncommon when paying in cash to receive exact change. Oftentimes, prices are rounded up or down to the nearest whole bill/coin (e.g. if you pay for С136.80 worth of groceries with С140, the cashier will keep the extra С3.20). If you do want exact change you can ask for it and you'll usually get it. Receipts are also hit-or-miss.

Tajik markets are divided into two types: bazaars and brick-and-mortar stores. Haggling is not only accepted but encouraged in the bazaars, but rarely practiced in the stores. If a price isn't marked on the item, you can ask "Чанд пул аст?" (Chand pul ast?). Most of the non-food items sold in both stores and bazaars are made in China or Turkey; finding authentic Tajik items can be challenging.

Almost every mikroraion (neighborhood) will have some sort of grocery store; these can be treated like convenience stores for travelers wishing to stock up on cheap food.

• Traditional Tajik padded coats. Comfortable and perfect for the colder weather in the mountains. The ensemble can be completed with a hat and sash.
• Mercedes Benz (~US$7,000) cars and Land Cruisers from Dushanbe's Sunday Car Market. Also available: Russian cars, jeeps, minivans and an assortment of other models.
• Vodka. Ruski Standard is the best one by far.
• Rugs and carpets. The good ones are imported from Afghanistan or Uzbekistan. See also Carpet shopping.

Vegetarians in Tajikistan are blessed and cursed: on the one hand, the Tajik national dish, Qurutob, contains no meat whatsoever and can be found quite easily in most restaurants. On the other hand, its essentially the only thing on the Tajik menu that lacks meat. Travelers who are fine eating the same meal every day will have no problem with this, but travelers who want variety in their meals might.

Most Tajik foods, including Qurutob, may be cooked using animal-derived oils.

Osh/Plov is usually served with meat and/or eggs, but they're cooked separately and added on top at the end, so vegetarians can easily pick off what they don't like. You can also try ordering plov "bé gusht" (without meat). There still may be animal oils used while cooking the rice.

Vegans will have a hard time in Tajikistan, as dairy, eggs, and animal oils might not be considered "meat" by Tajik chefs.

Travelers with other common dietary restrictions will face varying degrees of success in finding adequate meals. Tajiks are well aware of most common allergies, so tell your waiter or chef if there's something you need to avoid in the meal. Even then, it's still recommended you bring anti-allergy medications (such as epipens) with you – especially as the Tajiks might not all be aware of the concept of cross-contamination.

Gluten-free travelers will face difficulties, as most of the non-meat dishes consumed in Tajikistan are bread-heavy. Plov is gluten-free since it's just rice.

Tajikistan is prone to earthquakes.

Traveling in Tajikistan is generally safe for solo women who have already experience of traveling solo in other countries. However, there are a few points to keep in mind when visiting Tajikistan, including:

• Dress code: especially outside of the capital Dushanbe, it's advisable to cover shoulders and avoid wearing shorts or short skirts. Wearing a headscarf is not necessary and is discouraged by the local authorities, but keep one on you when planning to visit a mosque (on paper, only men can visit Tajikistan's mosques, but some have been known to let female tourists in on occasion).
• It's not unusual to be catcalled on the streets of Dushanbe and the best policy is to simply ignore the calls.
• Some people recommend wearing a (fake) wedding ring and pretending to be married with children to avoid unwelcome male attention.
• When visiting a nightclub, always go accompanied as single females in night clubs are often considered to be prostitutes.
• The Pamirs Eco-Cultural Tourism Association (PECTA) has female guides for when you want to go trekking and you don't feel comfortable going alone with a male guide.

• United States — 109A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Zarafshon, Dushanbe 734019, tel: +992-37-229-23-00, fax: +992-37-229-2309. The consular section is open M–F 08:00–17:00, and closed on US and Tajik holidays.