Chinese provinces and regions

Most of the country is broken up into provinces (省) which tend to have their own cultural identities, but there are several other geographic units of the same hierarchical rank as provinces:

• Various ethnic groups have autonomous regions (自治区), although their autonomy is far from complete. For the traveller, these can generally be thought of as provinces, but in political discussions the distinction may be important. In these regions, the language spoken by the relevant minority ethnic group is typically co-official with Mandarin, and you will often see bilingual road signs.
• There are four municipalities (市), cities that are not part of any province, and whose leaders report directly to the Central Government in Beijing. The smallest of these, Tianjin, has a population well over 10 million. The largest, Chongqing, has over 30 million residents. The municipalities were created in the modern era and thus still share strong cultural ties to the provinces they were carved out from. Beijing and Tianjin out of Hebei, Shanghai out of Jiangsu, and Chongqing out of Sichuan.
• Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions (SARs，特别行政区). These are former European colonies — British and Portuguese respectively — that rejoined China in the late 1990s. Both territories were part of Guangdong province prior to colonisation, and continue to share strong cultural and linguistic ties with it. Their economies and distinct political systems are allowed to flourish under separate regulatory regimes from the mainland under the slogan "One country, two systems", an arrangement that the Chinese government has promised to maintain until at least 2047 and 2049 respectively. The SARs have their own currencies, issue their own visas, and have distinct political and legal systems, so for travellers they are effectively like different countries.
• Taiwan is a special case. The Chinese government considers it to be a province, but from the practical traveller's point of view it is a separate country and has been for decades, ever since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Taiwan has its own visas, currency, government and so on. Wikivoyage therefore treats it in a separate article. Taiwan shares close cultural and linguistic ties with Fujian province, and was at one point governed as part of it. We also cover the Taiwan-controlled islands of Kinmen and Matsu here even though they are officially part of Fujian province, as travellers will need Taiwanese visas, use Taiwanese currency and come under Taiwanese jurisdiction when visiting them.

In total, there are 34 official province-level divisions, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Chinese government officially uses the term mainland China (中国大陆 Zhōngguó Dàlù) to refer to the entire area claimed by the PRC excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

Some of this structure repeats at a lower level. Provinces and regions are generally broken up into prefecture-level cities. Where a given minority or minorities predominate, it may instead be an Autonomous Prefecture (自治州) for the various ethnic groups. Within prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures, there are also Autonomous Counties (自治县) depending on their ethnic composition. Like the autonomous regions, the relevant minority language is usually co-official with Mandarin in these areas.

Within a province or autonomous region political geography can be broken down into:

• Prefectures (地区) and Prefecture-level Cities ((地级)市) - Although larger, these function similarly to counties in the American political geographic system. At one time most of these units were prefectures, but they have gradually been turned into prefecture-level cities due to rapid urbanization, which are now the main prefecture-level division; only a few prefectures remain in the country. Confusingly, prefecture-level cities are often named after a city or urban area within them, so it can sometimes be unclear whether someone is talking about a prefecture-level city or the urban area that anchors it.
• Counties (县) and County-level Cities ((县级)市) - these are subdivisions within prefectures or prefecture-level cities. For major urban areas, counties are rural and remote from the city proper. A county-level city will be larger than a township but not major enough to anchor the entire region. Districts (区) are also at this level; these are divisions of the urban or suburban area of a prefecture-level city or province-level municipality.
• Townships (乡), Towns (镇), and Subdistricts (街道) - In rural areas, the county is divided into townships or towns which are generally small towns that form the economic center for surrounding villages. In Maoist times, each township formed a people's commune (人民公社). Subdistricts are divisions of districts.
• Villages (村) and Communities (社区) - These are the smallest units of political organization. Don't be misled by the translation – even neighborhoods in urban areas may be referred to with the word 村. Villages are the level for China's experiments with grass-roots democracy since some, under the supervision of the Carter Center, hold elections for their leaders. Many villages have long-since been absorbed by fast-growing cities and townships, becoming urban villages (城中村) that hold a number of migrant workers, and some of them are hotbeds of petty crimes.

For example, in the largest-to-smallest order generally used in China: Guangdong Province - Shenzhen City - Nanshan District - Nantou Subdistrict - Majialong Community.

There are various complications and exceptions to this hierarchy. Not all levels are always used (for instance, some county-level cities are directly administered by the province and not part of any prefecture-level unit), and there are certain unusual special terms for some administrative units (such as leagues 盟, a prefecture-level division used in Inner Mongolia).

There are also Special Economic Zones (SEZ, 经济特区) set up to encourage development and foreign investment with tax concessions and other government measures. These began in 1980 as a provincial government initiative supported by Deng Xiaoping as part of his national program of "reform and opening up". SEZs tend to be prosperous, have large expatriate communities, and have more Western restaurants and facilities. They are:

• The original four: Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong and Xiamen in Fujian
• The entire island province of Hainan
• The Pudong district of Shanghai, almost everything east of the river
• The city of Kashgar in Xinjiang

Development in these areas has been phenomenal. In 1978, Shenzhen (next to Hong Kong) and Zhuhai (next to Macau) were groups of fishing villages, with a population of a few hundred thousand each; in a few years, both were bustling modern cities. In the 2020 census, Shenzhen population was over 17.5 million and Zhuhai well over two million, and both are still growing. The other SEZs have also undergone enormous changes. Pudong was mostly farmland in 1990, but now has more skyscrapers than New York and is one of China's main centers for finance and other business.

There are also many other areas where investment is encouraged. The national government started a program in 1984 that opened up 14 coastal cities, and all the capitals of inland provinces or autonomous regions, for investment. There are also many provincial, city, county and township-level economic development programs. However, the SEZs remain the most developed areas with the most advanced administrative systems for investment and spurring economic development.

Chinese cities are often classified into different tiers, with Tier 1 (一线城市) being the highest. Though there is no official government-endorsed classification system, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are generally considered to be the only Tier 1 cities. These cities have the highest number of foreign residents, and are hence considered to be the most expatriate friendly, with Western restaurants and supermarkets to cater to that demographic, albeit at grossly inflated prices, as well as a larger number of English speakers than elsewhere in China. They are also the most expensive cities to live in, with real estate prices in particular rivalling those of major Western cities. That said, there are still bargains to be found food-wise, particularly if you head away from the touristy areas to the residential suburbs. As you move lower down the tiers, the cities become less and less expatriate friendly, with English speakers being increasingly few and far between, and Western food becoming increasingly hard to find, though the cost of living becomes significantly cheaper.

When Europeans first came to China by sea, from the late 1500s on, the Emperor strictly controlled their trade and movements. For several centuries, the only Western base was the Portuguese colony of Macau, and trade was permitted only at Canton (Guangzhou) under a variety of restrictions.

After the Chinese defeat in the first Opium War, in 1842, much of that changed. Many of the restrictions were removed and five coastal cities were opened to Western trade — Guangzhou (then called Canton) in Guangdong, Xiamen (Amoy) and Fuzhou in Fujian, Ningbo in Zhejiang, and Shanghai. These were known as treaty ports because it was a treaty that opened them up. By the same treaty, Britain acquired a Far Eastern base of its own, Hong Kong. After the Second Opium War, ending in 1860, other cities were opened to trade, including more coastal cities such as Shantou and Tianjin, and inland cities such as Nanjing and Hankou (one of three cities later amalgamated to form modern Wuhan), while the British colony of Hong Kong was expanded to include what is today Kowloon. Eventually, there were over 80 treaty ports; Wikipedia has a full list.

China lost the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, forcing it to give up its influence over its vassal state Korea, and resulting in Taiwan being ceded to Japan. In 1898, the British colony of Hong Kong was expanded further to its current size, with the addition of the New Territories on a 99-year lease.

Various Western powers and Japan also took pieces of China, called concessions, and administered them. The treaties or leases provided for extraterritoriality; Chinese law did not apply in these areas which were instead administered under the laws set by the controlling power. To Western powers, this was an obvious precaution since they considered the Chinese system horrendously brutal and hopelessly corrupt. To the Chinese government of the day, it was astounding arrogance, but something the "barbarians" had to be allowed to get away with until China was stronger. The period from the First Opium War (1842) to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) is often called the "Century of Humiliation" in official Chinese historical chronicles.

Several nations had concessions in Shanghai; today the old French Concession is one of the more elegant tourist attractions, as is The Bund, which was part of the former British and American concessions. Other areas such as Hankou (part of Wuhan), Shamian Dao in Guangzhou and parts of Tianjin also had concessions for several nations. Today, many of these historic areas have been or are being renovated and are popular tourist attractions for both Chinese and foreigners. Gulangyu in Xiamen is now on the UNESCO World Heritage List, while the former Italian and Austro-Hungarian concessions in Tianjin have been preserved as tourist attractions.

Even in the days of the concessions, most of their population was Chinese and many rich or important Chinese lived there. For example, Shanghai has various historical buildings converted to museums and they are all in foreign concession areas; the French Concession has the homes of the Republic's first President, Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan), his wife Soong Qing Ling and Premier Zhou Enlai, and the building where the Chinese Communist Party had its first national meeting while the nearby Jing'an district, which was part of the British Concession, has Chairman Mao's Shanghai house. The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin has a residence of Yuan Shih-kai, the second president of the Republic of China.

In some areas, only one nation had a concession. These included:

• Germans in Qingdao, which is still known for beer, and in nearby Weifang.
• French in Zhanjiang, near their Vietnamese and Laotian colonies.
• Russians with a large naval base in Dalian, then called Port Arthur, and Harbin which was a base for their railroad construction.
• A British naval base in Weihai, just across the bay from Dalian.

This is not a complete list. All these former colonies and concessions retain numerous historical buildings from the colonial era that tourists can see today, usually in a style typical of that colonial power.