Driving in Australia

There is a substantial second hand market in cars and campers for backpackers wishing to do extended road trips around Australia. These vehicles are routinely bought and sold through Gumtree and Facebook Marketplace. Note that prices will generally be cheaper in locations where people end their travels, such as Cairns or Darwin. Take common-sense precautions if purchasing a car. Remember the importance of a thorough mechanical checklist, licensing, registration and insurance. State government services are available free of charge to ensure it is unencumbered by a finance arrangement and that it has not been previously written off as a result of an accident. After heavy floodings, sometimes cars for the scrapyard might find their way back into the market.

Most of the tips for buying a car in Australia are the same as the precautions you would take anywhere. However, in Australia:

• You should pay attention to the registration renewal date and the state in which it is registered. Different states have different fees and requirements for vehicle registration and renewal and it can be difficult to renew the registration when out-of-state. You need to register the car in the state you are "resident", and this can make buying a car registered in a different state a bit more difficult. If you are buying and reselling within a year, not having to renew the registration may make life easier for you.
• If you are driving through the outback, the more common and simple your model of car is, the easier it will be to repair and obtain spare parts. The Oodnadatta roadhouse will definitely have tyres for a Toyota Land Cruiser, but they are unlikely to have the right tyres for a Volkswagen Passat, let alone any other essential parts. Waiting for parts to be delivered to a remote service station can mean a delay of a week or more to your plans and this is assuming the local mechanic knows how to fix your particular model.
• Perform a PPSR check to ensure there is no money owing on the car you plan to buy. If there is, you will inherit that debt from the previous owner. This check can be done on the internet and costs only a few dollars.
• Inspect the vehicle thoroughly or consider getting a pre-purchase inspection from a qualified mechanic. This can help identify any potential mechanical issues that may not be evident from a visual inspection or test drive.
• Research the vehicle's history for any past accidents, service records, and previous ownership. This can provide valuable insights into the car's condition and maintenance.
• Negotiate the price based on the vehicle's condition and market value. If you are unsure, check the prices on Ebay for the same model with similar kms. Do not hesitate to walk away if the deal does not meet your expectations or if you feel pressured.
• Be wary of too-good-to-be-true deals. Extremely low prices could indicate potential hidden problems with the vehicle.
• Consider the total cost of ownership, including insurance, maintenance, and fuel efficiency, not just the purchase price.

• Gumtree has a backpackers guide to buying camper vans in Australia. It also lists vehicles for private sale and from dealerships.
• PPSR (Personal Property Securities Register), an Australian Government service that can tell you if there is money owing on a car, if it has been reported written off and/or if it has been reported stolen. It works against the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), usually found in the engine bay. Be aware of third party services as they often provide the exact same information for a higher fee.
• Redbook is an Australian car pricing authority. Find out the market price of any vehicle.
• Cruisin RV Sales is an Australian used motorhomes and campervans dealer
• Travellers Auto-Barn

See also: Renting a car

• Outside of major cities, there are usually daily travel limits before paying a surcharge. Often 100 km or 200 km a day.
• Catching car ferries - particularly the Spirit of Tasmania - is usually prohibited.
• Driving into or out of Western Australia and/or the Northern Territory can be restricted. Driving on dirt or gravel, driving at night or into remote areas can be restricted.
• Driving between dusk and dawn can void your insurance on roads outside of cities.
• Some rental car companies will request that you do a free tourist driving rules quiz before you take the vehicle, or will accompany you on a short drive to check your proficiency behind the wheel.
• Rental companies may try to scare you into purchasing toll-road passes for Toowoomba, Brisbane, Sydney or Melbourne. If you're on a budget, toll roads can be unnecessary for travellers, and being well-signposted, they are easy to avoid.

Drivers in Australia require a valid driving licence. Foreign licences in English are considered valid for driving in Australia for visitors for three months. If your licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit which is issued in your home country before arrival in Australia is required.

Australian licences are issued by the respective state and territory governments, and licensing laws vary from state to state. Foreigners staying longer than three months may be required to convert their foreign licence to an Australian one from the state they reside in. Foreigners with licences from Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States may convert their foreign licences to an Australian one after paying an administrative fee. All other foreign licence holders are required to sit for a theory and practical test before they can get an Australian licence.

Australian law requires you to carry your licence with you at all times whenever you are driving. Fines are applicable should you be pulled over and caught driving without carrying your licence.

Use of seat belts is compulsory for drivers and all passengers, and infants must be secured with approved safety capsules and harnesses. Seatbelt laws are strictly enforced, and the onus is on the driver to ensure all passengers are buckled. Penalties apply to the driver of the vehicle, and include demerit points which may lead to a licence suspension. A fine of around $330 per unsecured driver and/or passenger will apply, so car full of people without seat belts can add up quickly.

The blood alcohol limit is 0.05% throughout Australia. Learner and provisional drivers are not permitted to have any alcohol in their system whilst driving.

As a general guideline: For most men, It is 2 standard drinks for the first hour and then 1 drink every hour after that to stay on the 0.05% limit. For most women, it is 1 standard drink for the first hour and then 1 drink every hour after that to stay on the 0.05% limit. Beware that a 375 mL can/stubby of full-strength beer is usually more than 1 standard drink. In pubs, a pot/middy (285 mL) is 1 standard drink, but a restaurant serving of red wine (150 mL) is 1.5 standard drinks.

Police conduct random breath tests along both major routes and back streets, both in cities and in the country. A driver does not have to be driving suspiciously or have committed any driving offence to be stopped by police for a random breath test. Random drug testing is also conducted using a mouth swab, although this is far less common than alcohol breath testing.

If you are caught driving under the influence of alcohol, you will have to appear in court. For a first offence, a fine and a period of suspension would normally be imposed if there are no aggravating circumstances. Refusing a breath test is also an offence and the penalties for refusal are higher than for drink driving.

In case of an accident involving injury or death to any person, the police and appropriate emergency response authorities must be contacted. Phone the Australian emergency number 000. The emergency number 112 also works from any mobile phone, even if it is not connected to a network. Emergency numbers from other countries (such as 911) do not work in Australia.

The driver of any vehicle involved in any accident, no matter how small, is legally required to stop and render assistance. The penalties for leaving an accident scene can be severe (up to 10 years imprisonment), even if you are not at fault. Small accidents (called a "bingle" in Australian slang) can be resolved through insurance, however if there is extensive property damage or injury, the emergency services should be contacted.

Persons rendering first aid in good faith in Australia are protected by law and are not at risk of legal action against them, even if they have no first aid training. If you can help at an accident scene, always do so.

If your vehicle is blocking the road, or has broken down, ensure you use hazard lights for visibility for oncoming traffic. This is especially important along highways as some road-trains can take upwards of 500m to come to a stop from full speed. Waving down passing traffic for assistance, especially in remote areas, will generally work.

Each state and territory has a separate motoring group which offers roadside breakdown assistance, as well as comprehensive road maps, tourist guides, and useful motoring advice from their numerous branch offices. You need to purchase an annual membership in one of these associations to qualify for roadside assistance, but this can be done when lodging a call for help (with an additional fee). Each state association has reciprocal arrangements with the others, so a single membership will do for all of Australia. If you are a member of the local motoring group in your home country, you might be entitled to free reciprocal assistance, such as maps, from the various motoring groups in Australia. Check with your local motoring group before you leave.

• New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory: National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA)
• Victoria: Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV)
• Queensland: Royal Automobile Club of Queensland (RACQ)
• South Australia: Royal Automobile Association (RAA)
• Western Australia: Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia (RAC)
• Tasmania: Royal Automobile Club of Tasmania (RACT)
• Northern Territory: Automobile Association of the Northern Territory (AANT)

A different level of coverage with a higher fee is usually required to ensure useful assistance in remote areas. All these groups are members of the Australian Automobile Association, which has reciprocal agreements with foreign motoring groups such as the New Zealand Automobile Association (NZAA), Canadian Automobile Association (CAA) and American Automobile Association, and some reciprocal coverage might be available if you are a member of the motoring group in your home country.

Speed cameras are used in all states and territories of Australia, with some states using hidden cameras, others preferring highly visible ones. Although enforcement varies somewhat from state to state, speed limits are in general strictly enforced in Australia, and even creeping ever so slightly above the speed limit could earn you a ticket and a hefty fine. The strictest place for speed limit enforcement is Victoria, with mobile speed cameras hidden in unmarked cars, as well as hidden fixed cameras behind highway signage. The official tolerance in Victoria is just two kilometres per hour in excess of the speed limit. Police speed traps, and mobile patrols also regularly pull over cars for exceeding the speed limit. A good example of that is on the Hume Fwy, where speed cameras are placed every 20 km, waiting for someone to speed. In other states, exceeding the speed limit by 10 km/h or less will usually result in you being sent a fine notice of around $200 (and demerit points if driving on an Australian licence). Exceeding the speed limit by more than 30 km/h can result in a court appearance and possible criminal conviction. Red light and combined red light/speed cameras also operate at many urban intersections and a similar fine will result.

Law enforcement is carried out by the state police (in the Australian Capital Territory, the federal police). If you see a police vehicle pulling up behind you with flashing lights, you are required to pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. The police officer will then typically ask for your licence, which you are required by law to carry with you at all times while driving. If you do not provide any form of photo identification, the police have the right to detain you until they are able to ascertain your identity. Police officers can require that you undergo an alcohol breath test and/or a test for drugs, and refusing either of these tests is a criminal offence that carries fines and a possible prison sentence with it.

Fine notices are sent to overseas addresses. Rental car companies charge a hefty "administration fee" if fines are incurred, and will pass your name on to the debt collection authorities. Your fine won't generally be pursued outside Australia, but you should consider the consequences if you wish to drive in Australia in the future. Fines issued to corporations (such as a rental car company) can be up to five times higher than fines issued to individuals. If you receive a fine via the rental car company that is addressed to the rental card company, do not pay it before you have gone to the website to identify yourself as an individual. The fine will reduce substantially.

Similar to most other Western countries, emergency vehicles have priority over all other traffic when they have their flashing lights and/or sirens on. You are expected to pull over to the left and give way to any such vehicles you may encounter. Failure to do so is an offence that is punishable by hefty fines and demerit points.

When passing emergency vehicles on the side of the road with their lights flashing, you must slow down. 25 km/h in South Australia, and 40 km/h in the other states.

The cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Canberra, Newcastle, the Sunshine Coast and the Gold Coast are covered by a relatively good network of urban freeways (in some areas may also be known as motorways or expressways) that allow for rapid driving from the suburbs into the CBD. Adelaide, Geelong and Hobart do not have any freeways heading into the CBD, and the freeways that exist only serve the outer suburbs and nearby country towns while Darwin does not have any freeways at all – the closest to resembling a freeway in Darwin is the Tiger Brennan Drive, which has freeway like speed limits of 100 km/h, and is a divided highway the entire time, but has traffic lights along the way.

A hazard unique to Melbourne's CBD and the inner suburbs are trams (street cars/light rail). Melbourne is known for its extensive tram network. There are some tram-related rules:

A broken yellow line means cars are permitted to drive in the tram lane. A solid yellow line next to the tram lane indicates that cars are not permitted to drive in the tram lane. There may be a sign overhead that specifies times when cars are not permitted to drive in that lane (for example in peak periods). If there is no sign, then cars are not permitted on the tracks at any time. Tram-only zones on roads are called fairways.

Tram passengers have right of way when crossing the road enter or leave a tram. You must stop behind the tram when its hazard lights are flashing and/or the doors of the tram are open, unless the tram is stopped at a fenced stop with barriers and a clear "safety zone" sign.

At some intersections in the Melbourne CBD you can execute a hook turn (pull left in order to turn right) to avoid blocking the tram tracks in the centre of the road. Signs indicating whether a hook turn is necessary are hung off tram power lines at the intersection. Do not attempt a hook turn at other intersections.

1. Approach the intersection in the left lane, and indicate to turn right.
2. On the green light, proceed into the intersection as far left as possible (avoiding the pedestrian crossing). Move forward until you end up perpendicular to traffic waiting at the red light on the cross street (the street you want to turn right into).
3. Observe the traffic lights on the cross street. Once green, you turn to your right and proceed as normal. The traffic you were previously perpendicular to will follow as you complete your turn.

Speed limits are signposted at regular intervals, and can change frequently. A default 50 km/h speed limit applies in urban areas where there is no signposted speed. School zones have a 25km/h speed limit in South Australia, and a 40 km/h speed limit anywhere else during school hours and these are clearly signposted; usually with flashing electronic variable speed limit signs. In some states, school zones on major highways may be signposted at 30 km/h, 60 km/h or 80 km/h. In New South Wales, school buses feature flashing lights when picking up or dropping off children. This is to warn drivers to slow down; however unlike in the United States, you are not required to come to a complete stop. It is illegal to exceed 40 km/h when passing a school bus in New South Wales and the ACT with its lights flashing.

It is illegal to turn left on a red traffic signal unless a posted sign specifically permits it. With the exception of the state of Victoria, it is illegal to do a U-turn at a traffic signal in Australia, unless there is a sign explicitly permitting it. In Victoria a U-turn is permitted at any intersection with or without signals, unless signage specifically prohibits this.

Overtaking is permitted to the right hand side only, unless you are driving on a multi-lane road and the other vehicle can be safely overtaken in a marked lane to the left of that vehicle. If the signposted speed is above 80 km/h it is illegal for a car to remain in the right hand lane on a road except whilst overtaking another vehicle. When the overtaking manoeuvre is completed drivers should move back into the left lane as soon as it is safe to do so. Where no such lanes are marked drivers must only overtake on the right hand side of the other vehicle unless the other vehicle is stationary turning to the right or signalling an intention to do so. Whilst overtaking you must not cross over any continuous (unbroken) centre line, continuous double lines or where the double centreline nearest to you is unbroken.

Many rural two lane highways feature an occasional third lane for safe overtaking. A yellow diamond sign will indicate with black arrows which direction has priority for overtaking in the middle lane. The single opposing lane may also use the middle lane for overtaking, as long as both oncoming lanes are clear and the centre line closest to the opposing lane is broken.

In mountainous areas of Australia, there are occasionally bays to the side of the road which are to be pulled into by the slower vehicle to allow traffic to pass.

On mountain roads and other roads where overtaking opportunities are rare, it is greatly appreciated if you pull over to allow faster traffic to pass.

Be extra careful when overtaking road trains – they can sometimes extend up to 55 metres long, and a lot of caution and patience is required before overtaking road trains.

Parking in major cities can be difficult and expensive, especially in the CBD and around tourist areas, such as beaches. Even smaller towns may have parking hassles on popular market days and for events.

Commercial parking lot charges are common in capital cities centres, and operate on an hourly basis on weekdays, and often charging a flat fee on weekends or evenings. These can be very expensive in the CBD area.

Cities often have council-operated on-street parking. These spots often have a sign indicating the maximum amount of time you can park there: 2P means two hours, while ½P means half an hour (30 min). If the sign says "ticket" or "meter" and you're parked during the posted hours, you also need to buy a ticket from a nearby machine. Feeding meters (staying longer than the posted time by returning to the meter or ticket machine, and inserting more money or buying another ticket) is illegal and will result in the same fine as not paying the fee. If you've bought a day ticket and are leaving, handing it over to another car pulling in is a time-honored Aussie tradition, although modern ticketing machines foil this by requiring you to punch in your license plate. Outside the posted hours, parking is free and unlimited.

Parking is policed sporadically, with some areas regularly patrolled and others rarely, but you are never entirely safe parking illegally. Parking is more strictly enforced in the built-up city areas. Fines are of the order of $100.

Areas signposted as clearways prohibit parking during peak times. Parked cars will often be towed, adding a $100 recovery charge, and considerable hassle.

Areas marked as no stopping, no standing, bus zones or taxi zones are illegal to stop in, even to pick up and drop off. Areas marked as no parking zones are those in which you may pick up and drop off, but you can't leave your car or turn off your car.

If you are willing to park a few blocks away and walk, it is often possible to find free on-street parking in residential areas near some attractions.

Major capitals usually have good public transport within the CBD itself, and this is an alternative to driving between CBD locations once parked.

All long-distance highways in Australia are toll-free, but some urban motorways, bridges, and tunnels in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Toowoomba require payment of tolls. Toll payments are exclusively electronic (no cash payments), using electronic transponders known as E-tags. Any E-tag can be used on any toll road in Australia, regardless of which company issued the transponder and which company operates the toll road you wish to travel on. There is no extra charge for travelling on another company's toll road.

If you drive on a toll road without a transponder, a photo is taken of your vehicle's number plate, and you have a limited time (between 24 and 72 hours, depending upon the road) to phone a number or visit a website and arrange credit card payment (plus an additional processing fee) before a fine is issued. Toll roads are clearly signposted and there are multiple opportunities to exit which are clearly delineated before reaching the first tolling point.

Major rental car companies have arrangements to charge tolls directly to your account, typically with steep convenience fees tacked on top. If you will be using toll roads extensively, it will quickly be cheaper to get your own E-tag. On the other hand, if you're a casual visitor and not in a hurry, it's usually possible to avoid toll roads entirely without incurring too many delays.

If you encounter a roundabout and are from a country that doesn't have many of them, like the United States of America, here's a quick guide:

Give way. Give way to vehicles already on the roundabout: enter the intersection only when there is no risk of collision with a car on the roundabout coming from your right. On most roundabouts, this effectively means that you give way to cars coming from your right, cars coming from the opposite direction and turning right, and cars on your left going all the way around the roundabout.

Indicate. When two roads cross at a roundabout, indicate left to go left, right to go right, and do not indicate if going straight when entering the roundabout, and indicate left when leaving the roundabout. On a larger roundabout with more than 4 exits, don't indicate left until you are taking the next exit.

Select your lane. On multi-lane roundabouts arrows will usually be on the road indicating which lane you should choose to go which direction. Otherwise, just take the left lane to go left, right lane to go right, and either lane to go straight. Bicycles may stay in the left lane and go right, but if they choose to do this, they must give way to vehicles in the right lane exiting.

Outside of major centres, do not assume that fuel will be available late at night, in the early morning, or in some cases even on a Sunday. Even on some major regional roads and national highways, roadhouses may be closed late at night. If you are planning a long drive overnight, make sure you know where and when you are going to get fuel.

Australia has been relatively slow to adopt electric vehicles: as of 2023, they make up only around 100,000 out of more than 20 million vehicles on the road. The Adelaide-Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane corridor has DC fast chargers on both Tesla and non-Tesla networks every 100 km or so, but elsewhere you'll want to plan ahead.

Maximum speeds vary between states and are normally signposted.

The default open road speed limit varies between states in Australia. Those default limits should always be observed in rural and regional areas where there is no signposted speed limit shown and the area has no street lights and is away from townships or built-up areas. It is generally best to assume that the default limit is 50 km/h in built-up areas, and 100 km/h on the open road unless you are sure a higher limit is applicable. In the NT, if unsure, then go 60 km/h in built-up areas and 110 km/h in rural areas.

When travelling on un-paved or gravel roads the posted limit may not be appropriate to the prevailing conditions. You should never presume the road is safe to travel at the posted speed limit; the actual safe speeds of travel on unsealed roads may vary tremendously within a short space of both time and distance due to current weather and/or road conditions. For this reason many gravel and dirt roads in Australia do not have speed limit signs posted lest they should mislead road users into believing that the posted speed is either achievable or safe. As an example of this, in Tasmania they do not normally install advisory speed signs on unsealed roads where travel speeds greater than 35 km/h can be achieved.

In the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania and Queensland the default speed limit on an open road is 100 km/h. In New South Wales and South Australia the default speed limit is 100 km/h, though many major rural roads and state highways are posted at 110 km/h and on freeways (motorways/tollways) and divided highways. In the Northern Territory the default speed limit is 110 km/h, with speed limits of up to 130 km/h on major highways away from urban areas. In Western Australia the default speed limit for open areas is 110 km/h with a limit for freeways of 100 km/h unless zoned otherwise.

The dividing markings on the road indicate if overtaking is legal. A broken dividing line indicates that you may move to the other side if the road to overtake if it is clear. A solid or double solid dividing line indicates that no overtaking is allowed and you may only move over to the other side to avoid an obstruction. A broken line next to a solid line means that you may move to the other side of the road to overtake if you are driving on the side of the broken line but not if you're driving on the side of the solid line.

A centre road marking is often indistinguishable from a lane dividing marking. It can be sometimes impossible to tell if you are on a two lane one-way road, or a two way road. This can be a hazard when divided roads change to single carriageway roads, and you have to remember what type of road you are on. If unsure, just keep to the left most lane.

Australia is a very big country, and while driving is a fun and interesting way to get around, you have to remember that it is a long long way to get from point A to point B. Taking the capital cities as an example, it is easy to drive from Canberra to Sydney (3 hr), and relatively easy from Melbourne to Adelaide (8 hr), but driving from Melbourne to Sydney is a good 10 hr solid driving. If you want to drive to Perth from Melbourne, you must use the Eyre Highway and cross the Nullarbor Plain, which means driving for approximately 3,500 km, including 2,000 km on a virtually dead straight, totally flat road with only a few roadhouses, each a hundred kilometres apart. You will have to spend at least one night on the road, so book in advance. The general advice is to have a rest every two hours, with the national roadhouse slogan being "Stop, Revive, Survive". Always expect the unexpected to happen and drive to the conditions.

You should also be wary of your fuel supplies and always allow a generous reserve for unexpected contingencies. A good rule of thumb is to carry sufficient fuel to be able to turn around and return to the place you were last able to secure adequate provisions. Distances between fuel supplies can be extreme, even on main roads and national highways, and conditions can change without warning. Check that you have a map indicating fuel outlets, petrol stations (gas stations) and local fuel depots providing either petrol or diesel fuel. Outback communities do not always have fuel supplies, and if they do they may be limited. LPG (liquid petroleum gas) may be unavailable in some areas, and in remote areas it is very unlikely to be found. Some remote areas in the central and northern regions of the country use Opal fuel, a modified version of normal unleaded petrol that lacks the intoxicants sought by petrol-sniffing, once a serious issue in many remote Indigenous communities. The vast majority of cars will run just fine on Opal, but if your car happens to require premium fuel, it may see a slight decrease in performance.

There is little traffic on back roads, but what there is will consist of a fair proportion of road trains (semi-trailers towing up to three trailers). They will not necessarily be able to quickly reduce their speed, as their effective stopping distance is often far too great. Do not expect a road train to be able to take rapid evasive action to avoid your vehicle; even if you have a technical right of way, never pull out in front of a heavy vehicle. Slow down rapidly or stop without ensuring you have left a clear path for the larger and much heavier vehicle to proceed unhindered.

In years past Australian motorists travelling on outback and isolated roads had a tradition of stopping or slowing to enquire as to another motorists welfare or assist if they were in difficulties. This sort of behaviour is declining and motorists now tend to travel at much greater speeds and with much lesser regard for the plight of others. You should always ensure you have adequate skills, resources and knowledge to deal with the prevailing situation on your own. If you do experience difficulties stay with your vehicle, do not wander off or set off cross country to summon assistance.

As an example, here are the distances from one state capital to another:

Australia is the land of kangaroos, emus, wombats, feral camels, horses, rabbits and cattle. Sometimes these animals wander onto roadways. Kangaroos in particular will leap across roadways directly in front of vehicles, and are more likely to hop along the roadway than hop off it. Emus also run across roads and have no sense of how to get out of the way of a car. Off the main highways many roads run adjacent to farms that are unfenced, and stock on the road are common. Many animals caught in headlights come to a complete halt, but a short blast on the car horn may help startle them into moving off the road. Briefly switching off your headlights may also encourage them to move on. Most animal collisions occur at dusk, at dawn, or at night when some animals are more active but less visible.

Drive carefully when you spot these big animals and be ready to use your brakes. Swerving to avoid an animal can also lead to fatalities, so if the choice is between hitting the animal or potentially losing control of the vehicle, hit the animal.

Most car hire firms impose a curfew on driving after sunset in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Often a collision with an animal has a higher excess (deductible) than other collisions. Away from cities and main highways try to be at your destination before nightfall. If forced to travel at night, keep your speed down.

Many vehicles in the bush have a "bull bar", a rigid steel or aluminium frame, fitted in front of the radiator. These are to protect passengers and the vehicle in the event of a collision with an animal. If you do hit a native animal, stop if it is safe to do so. There are trained wildlife rescue groups in each state who care for injured and orphaned animals. If such an incident occurs endeavour to remove any dead or injured animal from the road if it is safe to do so and within your physical capabilities.

• NSW wildlife rescue, toll-free: 1300 094 737. WIRES 
• Victorian wildlife rescue, toll-free: 1300 094 535. 

During bushfire season (December - March) tune in to ABC Local Radio while travelling through rural Australia. You can find a list of stations here, you will also see signs along your route (especially when entering towns) with radio frequencies of FM and AM stations in that area.

Fires are extremely dangerous, but easily avoidable. Never drive into fire or through fire. It can and will cover highways including wide/major ones.

During radio broadcasts, a tone of "whirring alarm" will play before any emergency announcements and updates regarding any active emergencies in your area to help you listen in. Do not be alarmed: while the radio is "local", it can cover stretches as far as 500 km.

Police can and do setup roadblocks and have the right to prevent people from entering high risk zones. This will only happen if you are attempting to enter an area where fire is likely to affect within hours. Many Australians have been prevented from going back to their homes to collect belongings when the fire is actively threatening their homes.

Road trains are a special hazard on Australian roads. These leviathans can reach lengths of up to 55 m, with up to four trailers, so treat them with care and respect.

Oncoming road trains should be given all the space they need. On asphalt roads, you should slow down and drive partly on the road shoulder if possible.

A road train coming up behind you should often be allowed to pass as well. When they overtake you at high speeds, they will often create a "vortex" which sucks you towards them. Therefore, be alert and stay in control of the vehicle at all times. In many cases overtaking a road train is not a good idea. If you have to do it, be sure to choose a nice long stretch of straight road where you can make sure that there's no oncoming traffic for about 2 km. On gravel roads there's only one piece of advice: don't.

When behind a truck on a long stretch of road, many truck drivers will indicate to you that there is no traffic ahead and therefore safe to overtake by flicking the right indicator light on once or twice. Treat this signal with caution as sometimes there is not enough space between you and the next oncoming car. Use your common sense. If you are equipped with a CB radio, you may be able to talk to the truckie and confirm the condition of the road ahead for safe overtaking. Confirm the truck licence plate with the driver to make sure you are talking to the truck in front of you.

Once you are outside the metropolitan areas, traffic tends to thin out and driving becomes relatively boring. The long straight stretches, the slowly changing scenery, and the fine weather on many through routes can be a recipe for drowsiness. Make sure you stop every couple of hours and, if possible, change drivers. On some routes local service clubs provide coffee and there are billboards with road safety advice. These are there for a reason. People die on those routes from drivers falling asleep.

When you arrive in Australia allow for "jet lag". Do not leave your car heater or air-conditioner switched to "recycle" as this can make you drowsy and watch for other signs of fatigue (blurred vision, yawning). On summer evenings, you can usually leave the windows open, for the fresh air and smell of the bush.

In the north of Australia, the period from November (sometimes even October) to March is considered the Wet Season. Many remote communities (and even some major towns on the Queensland coast) are completely isolated during the Wet, unless they have a landing strip for light aircraft. Rivers that are dry at other times of the year can overflow their banks due to extremely high rainfall.

Sometimes, bridges are washed out, or dirt roads are turned into muddy quagmires. Water levels can rise quickly from nothing to flooding. Notably, the Bruce Highway, which is the main road from Brisbane up through the Queensland coast to Cairns, is notorious for being cut for days at a time in many areas, mostly near Innisfail and Tully, which are both just south of Cairns.

Travellers intending to drive around the North should contact local authorities beforehand as they will know the most about local conditions. They will also be the poor sods called out to rescue you if you get stuck, so be polite. In Queensland, it is possible to go from Cairns to Cooktown via Mareeba or Mossman using an inland route, which is fully sealed and suitable for normal cars. If you intend to take the coastal route (starting just north of Cape Tribulation), you can't do it whenever it is raining, unless you have a serious four-wheel drive, preferably equipped with a snorkel.

If travelling around the north on unsealed (unpaved) roads, a powerful four-wheel drive vehicle is a must. Being bogged in the middle of the Outback can be fatal if one is not properly prepared.

• Anne Beadell Highway
• Australia Highway 1
• Eyre Highway
• Gibb River Road
• Great Northern Highway
• Great Ocean Road
• Gunbarrel Highway
• Hume Highway
• New England Highway
• Oodnadatta Track
• Overland travel between Melbourne and Adelaide
• Pacific Highway
• Stuart Highway
• Tourist Drive 30
• Tourist Drive 33
• Waterfall Way