Biomes and ecosystems

Around the world, there are various biomes with vegetation that depends on the climate patterns of the region. For example, wet regions around the equator are tropical rainforests, and dry regions typically farther from the equator are deserts. There are some basic types of climates as designated by Köppen, found in various regions of the world:

• Tropical (Type A): Warm or hot and often wet. This is what you get in tropical rainforests and most of the tropics region in general. Most places near the equator (like the northern part of South America, Central America, parts of Southeast Asia, some of Africa, etc.) have this kind of climate.
• Dry (Type B): Low precipitation. This is what you get in deserts. Usually, deserts have low populations because water is necessary for survival. They're found in northern Africa, southern Africa, Australia, and many other places.
• Temperate (Type C): Not exceptionally hot or exceptionally cold, but with a range of temperatures over the course of the year and distinct seasons. Britain is a good example, along with New Zealand and much of the Mediterranean.
• Continental (Type D): Cold winters and hot summers, and moderate precipitation. This type of climate occurs in much of Canada, Russia, Eastern Europe, northern China, and the northern United States.
• Polar (Type E): Dry and bone-chillingly cold for most, if not all of the year. These places have low populations, or no people at all and include Antarctica and most of Greenland. These regions are often covered with ice sheets, and are divided into "tundra" and "ice cap" climates.

Climates vary over long periods of time, and major natural disasters can influence them for shorter periods. Well-known periods of climate change include the Medieval Warm Period that occurred during the Middle Ages and the "Little Ice Age" at the end of the Middle Ages.

Biomes are large regions that have similar climates, flora, and fauna. To divide the world into a few ecological zones is a difficult attempt, notably because of the small-scale variations that exist everywhere on earth and because of the gradual changeover from one biome to the other. Their boundaries must therefore be drawn arbitrarily and their characterization made according to the average conditions that predominate in them.

Ecosystems are more specific than biomes, being a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil. In an ecosystem, living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components interact through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems can be of any size but each ecosystem has a specific, limited space, and there are too many ecosystems around the world to be listed in this article.

Ecoregions are regions with similar endemic species. Most of them correlate at least partially with the world's continents or climate regions, and include many different biomes and ecosystems:

• Eurasian wildlife in Europe, northern Asia and north Africa
• African wildlife in sub-Saharan Africa
• South Asian wildlife in south and southeast Asia
• Australasian wildlife in Australia and New Zealand
• North American wildlife in most of North America
• South American wildlife in Central and South America
• Wildlife of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica

See also: Tropics, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Amazonia, Far North Queensland, Papua New Guinea

These regions are characterized by continual humid heat, dense jungle, heavy rainfall, and numerous large rivers. They can be found close to the equator, particularly in Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Central America, Central Africa, most of Southeast Asia, Hainan, Far North Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory and Papua New Guinea. They are shrinking in area due to the intense logging rate in Brazil and some other countries.

While tropical islands such as Bali are among the most beautiful — and popular — tourist destinations on the planet, inland tropical destinations tend to be off the beaten path.

See also: Southern United States, South of Brazil, parts of Southeast of Brazil, India, East Asia, Mexico, Middle East, New South Wales, South East Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria

The farther you go away from the equator, the more temperature variations occur between summer and winter. While temperature variations between the seasons are still not large around 20° north, and aren't extreme at 30°, the variations are enough to create a change in the climate and flora and fauna. Flora in a subtropical region partially resembles a temperate forest as there exists a mixture of temperate and tropical plants in these subtropical rainforests.

The amount of rainfall in a subtropical region is not as much as would be expected in somewhere like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and due to the intertropical low pressure zone (the ITCZ) moving with the seasons, rainfall totals vary greatly by month, with summer months receiving the highest rainfall of the year.

See also: Arid region safety, Northern Africa, Southwestern United States, much of Mexico, Middle East, much of the Australian Outback, Southern Africa, and much of Central Asia

Deserts are dry regions where relatively little vegetation occurs, and they generally consist of either sand dunes or rock formations, often surrounded by semi-desert regions with shrubs and other small plants. They can reach temperatures higher than those in the tropical and subtropical regions but the lack of humidity makes desert heat not quite as unbearable on a degree-to-degree scale; and while in a tropical climate 90 °F (32 °C) is unbearable, in a desert climate to reach the same unbearable heat the temperature has to be about 100 °F (38 °C). However, desert climates reach higher temperatures than tropical ones; the North American record high was made in Death Valley, with the temperature passing 130 °F (54 °C).

Due to the lack of rainfall, much of Antarctica is technically a desert, but as a biome it qualifies as a Type E ice cap climate due to its extremely cold temperatures unlike anywhere else on Earth.

See also: Arid region safety, Cold weather, Tibet, Nevada, and parts of other Western states

In high-elevation deserts, the amount of precipitation is slightly higher than what would be experienced in a low-elevation desert because the high elevation captures more precipitation. The higher elevation causes cooler year-round temperatures than those experienced in most lower-elevation deserts. High deserts are often farther north than ordinary deserts, intensifying the possibilities of extreme cold during the winter and giving them a continental climate. (Indeed, high-elevation deserts are found inland on large continents.)

See also: parts of California, Southern Europe, central and northern Israel, South Africa, much of coastal South Australia and Western Australia, South East Queensland, northern North Island, Lebanon, and Turkey, and parts of North Africa

These areas can be quite varying in their vegetation, but are generally thought of one due to similarities in climate, which consists of fairly cool winters and hot summers, with most of the rainfall occurring in winter, and the wine-growing for the most part limited to Mediterranean climate regions. Population densities are usually quite high in these regions because, while temperatures can get hot in summer, the overall climate is tolerable and habitable compared to that of deserts or tropical regions.

See also: Canada, much of the United States, Europe, Russia, Central Asia and northern East Asia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Patagonia

Temperate climates are common in the Northern Hemisphere, and temperate regions are characterized by four seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. Differences in precipitation are not as pronounced around the year and during the winter snow is possible or even expected in much of the temperate zone. Plants are growing only for a part of the year. Much of the temperate areas the furthest away from the equator (and at high altitudes elsewhere) is covered by boreal forest, where pine and spruce (green also in winter) dominate; in Eurasia this is taiga. Temperate regions that receive cold winters and are far from the equator are known as "subarctic". In the taiga belt and the subarctic regions evaporation is low due to low temperatures, and mires and bogs are common.

Continental climates typically border temperate climates and like temperate regions receive four seasons, but in a continental climate seasonal differences are exaggerated, and winters can be bitterly cold and summers hot. The distinction between temperate and continental is not always a clear one.

Grasslands go by various names in different parts of the world, varying from the savanna in Africa to the Eurasian steppe and the prairie of the Midwestern United States and of the south of the Canadian Prairies. Trees are rare in grasslands, except by rivers and creeks, but farming is fairly common. The climate factors that cause grasslands are varied but in many cases an underlying factor is moderate annual rainfall or semi-arid conditions, climate types most trees cannot survive.

See also: Boreal forest

Many temperate forests, unlike tropical forests, have to endure cold weather in winter but rarely extreme heat, even in summer. In the Northern Hemisphere, they occur in northern areas, south of the tundra, and certain high-elevation areas farther south.

See also: Cold weather, far northern parts of Canada, Alaska, Nordic countries and Russia as well as Subantarctic Islands

On the tundra the vegetation is low, dominated by mosses, grasses and shrubs, or even lichen. Temperatures vary from cool in the summer to cold or extremely cold for the rest of the year. In mid-summer the sun doesn't set for several weeks or months, and correspondingly in the winter it doesn't rise for a similar period. Human population densities are low, with very few cities, but the summer can see quite lively animal life, especially migrating birds.

See also: Cold weather

Permanently covered in snow and ice, vegetation in the Arctic and Antarctic is mostly limited to liverworts, lichen and mosses on ice-free shores, and most animals depend on the sea. Human habitation is limited to research stations, where crew and supplies are flown in and out. Temperatures rarely if ever raise above freezing, and in the winter temperatures below −50 °C (−60 °F) aren't unheard of in the Arctic and coastal Antarctica. In inland Antarctica, such temperatures are guaranteed in winter. In the summer the sun is up all day and night, and in the winter the sun doesn't rise at all. At the poles, the sun rises above the horizon at the spring equinox, and drops below it at the autumn equinox.

Everywhere in Antarctica's inland is cold and dry. The continent's population consists of scientists who do not settle in Antarctica permanently.

The section below lists regions of the Earth (like particular deserts, etc.) where you can find a certain type of biome. For specific destinations, please see the destination section, which comes after this one.

• 🌍 Amazon Rainforest (Amazonia — much of Brazil but also the eastern parts of Peru and Bolivia as demonstrated by the picture at the beginning of the Biomes section). The main rainforest in the world, it is now threatened by the Brazilian logging industry. The Amazon Rainforest is also home to a great number of rivers, including primarily the Amazon but many of that river's tributaries as well. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Central African Rainforest. Like the Indonesian Rainforest, the Central African Rainforest is the location of apes, in particular the gorilla and chimpanzee. The makes it a destination for some tourists despite the dangers of venturing into the jungle. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Southeast Asian Rainforest. Southeast Asia, along with 🌍 Far North Queensland in Queensland, is another rainforest region. Indonesia is where you can find the orangutan ape. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Kimberley (Western Australia). On the other side of Australia, the Kimberley experiences hot and humid climates all around, and its wildlife mostly represents a mix of dry tropical and subtropical areas. However, it is not commonly well known given its isolation and remoteness. (updated Feb 2022)

• 🌍 Florida (Southern United States). All of this state is low-lying and extends farther south than any other state within the contiguous United States. Therefore, Florida is one of the most tropical regions of the United States, and experiences a hot, humid climate in summer. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). The southeastern part of Mexico lies on the Caribbean Sea with coastal mangrove swamps, dense inland jungles, and offshore reefs teaming with marine life. The climate is hot most of the year with sunny, warm winters that make resort areas like Cancun popular with international travelers. 
• 🌍 Central Queensland (Queensland). Whilst parts of the region are tropical, just south of the tropical Far North Queensland, most of the state has a humid climate where it rarely gets cold, and therefore a popular tourist destination. (updated Feb 2022)

• 🌍 Mojave Desert (Southwestern United States). This desert is known for the cactus plants that grow there. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Chihuahuan Desert (Northern Mexico). The largest desert in North America covers the state of Chihuahua, much of Coahuila and Durango, as well as West Texas, and the southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona. Several mountain ranges lie within the desert. 
• 🌍 Sahara (Northern Africa). This is an extremely large desert covering the northern part of Africa; in it are several countries, along with the Bir Tawil region that is not claimed by any country in the world. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Outback. A large group of deserts and dry areas which are classified as "The Outback", each and every area being unique in its own way. (updated Jul 2021)

• 🌍 Great Basin (Much of the interior of the American West). Much of the American West is a high plateau with scattered mountain ridges. Most of the trees are at higher elevations in the mountain ranges, with the lowest valleys of the basin being very desert-like. It can be crossed by taking the Loneliest Road in America. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Atacama Desert (Chile). The world's driest desert lies at an elevation of 3000 meters (10,000 feet) in the Andes mountain range of northern Chile. 
• 🌍 Tibet (North of the Himalaya mountain range and in the western part of China). Tibet rests at a much higher elevation than much of the Great Basin. However, there are similarities between the two regions; particularly the mountain ranges that are scattered throughout both of them. Tibet is the dry side of the Himalayas; on the other side of Earth's highest mountain range, in India, the climate is generally much wetter. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 African Savanna (Parts of Central Africa). There are a couple different regions of savanna in Africa, some with more trees and some with fewer trees depending on their geographic region. The Sahel, a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas, lies to the north, between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert. To the south the forest-savanna mosaic is a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator. The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 American Prairie (East of the Rocky Mountains). The American Prairie is a very flat, grassy area with few interruptions — however, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, the Badlands, the Black Hills, and some scattered buttes interrupt the largely flat landscape. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Eurasian Steppe. This ecoregion, also known as the Great Steppe or the steppes, is in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. It stretches across a large area that goes from Romania to Manchuria, and is contiguous with the exception of an isolated steppe around Hungary. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Central West (New South Wales). Between the Australian Outback and the Blue Mountains near Sydney, this area is mostly with flat and very grassy. There are a couple of mountainous areas here and there, but there's very little. (updated Feb 2022)

• 🌍 Eurasian Taiga. Much of Russia – a huge land area, that is – is forested. However, the forests in this region face some of the coldest temperatures reached on Earth, particularly in the Russian Far East, during the winter. There are a few cities, like Yakutsk, but the overall population density is low. Even though this region is beautiful, there are many risks involved with visiting, like the loneliness, cold weather, and dangerous animals, so visits should be well planned. The taiga also continues west all the way to the Atlantic Ocean across the Nordic countries, where it is easier and safer to explore, with better transport infrastructure, communication network coverage and shorter distances between cities and towns (still long compared to e.g. Central Europe). (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Canadian Shield. This region is fairly similar to the Russian taiga – it, too, is a huge land area that gets extremely cold weather and poor road connections. The population of the Canadian Shield is even less than the Russian Taiga's population. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 European broad-leaf forests. Except for the northernmost and southernmost parts of the continent, Europe's forests are in general temperate broad-leaf forests with trees such as beech, elm, maple and oak. The trees drop their leaves in the autumn, and new leaves appear in the spring giving the forests a completely different appearance depending on the season. Similar forests are also prevalent for instance in southern parts of Canada, and some parts of the United States and East Asia. (updated Sep 2018)

• 🌍 Many Subantarctic Islands. There are a surprising number of fairly large islands south of Oceania, Africa, and near the southern tip of South America. These islands resemble Iceland and the Faeroe Islands, but have little or no population. They vary from more habitable islands like the Falklands to the cold South Georgia Island. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 North Slope Borough, Alaska (Take the Dalton Highway north from Fairbanks). Long, sloping plain with a lot of oil and not much else. The main community is Barrow, which has only a few thousand inhabitants. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Northern Russia. North of Russia's taiga. the landscape begins to look much more Arctic, culminating in desert-like landscapes on the islands of the Arctic Ocean that belong to Russia. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 Greenland. While Greenland does actually have some farming country and rivers, most of the island (especially the interior) consists of a gigantic ice shield. There is practically no population on the ice shield, and getting to it is no easy experience either. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Antarctica. The coldest place on Earth, through its encircling Southern Ocean that keeps out warmer water, the high altitude of its plateau – the South Pole is at 2830 m – and hurricane-force winds. Penguins and similar hardy species can only survive around its coasts with access to unfrozen sea. There's no vegetation, except scraps of lichen on the Antarctic islands – these also have ice-free patches of land and sea-inlets make possible bases and research stations. (updated Dec 2021)

The following are specific locations that showcase the scenery of each biome. For information about larger areas associated with a particular biome, please see the regions section above.

• 🌍 Wet Tropics of Queensland. A world heritage site in Far North Queensland (mostly comprised of the Daintree Rainforest), and the world's oldest living rainforest. The rainforests take up about 894,420 hectares. (updated Feb 2022)

• 🌍 Everglades (Southern Florida, west of Miami). This park is known for its alligators but is also a large, protected area for the typical subtropical/tropical flora. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Okefenokee Swamp (Southern Georgia). (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Kakadu National Park. Although it's a bit of a vis-a-vis situation when it comes to whether Kakadu is a tropical park or a sub-tropical park as it's just 14 degrees south of the equator, but the flora and fauna found are mostly that of a sub-tropical area. (updated Feb 2022)

• 🌍 Bir Tawil (Between Sudan and Egypt). This desert region is between Egypt and Sudan, and no country wants the land. Therefore, many individuals have claimed it and given it various names, such as the "Kingdom of North Sudan". (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Guadalupe Island (West of Baja California). This island, which is one of Earth's most remote places, has largely desert landscape, although there are small woodlands scattered at the island's higher elevations. The great cliffs on the island are also extremely high, reaching at their highest point a few thousand feet. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 Monument Valley (Arizona and Utah). The "typical" Western scene featured in most Western movies. Even though much of the West does not closely resemble Monument Valley, its rock formations have become famous around the world. The place itself is inside the Navajo Nation. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest (Scattered regions of the American West, some of which is in Nevada). This national forest includes many juniper woodlands. While this may not be considered desert, the only reason it is not desert is the high elevation. The valleys below show that the region would normally be much drier if it was not placed to catch the rain. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 Grasslands National Park (Saskatchewan). Grasslands National Park is a Canadian national park located near the village of Val Marie, Saskatchewan, and one of 44 national parks and park reserves in Canada's national park system (though one of only two in Saskatchewan itself). This national park is north from the American state of Montana and lies adjacent to the international boundary. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 King's Canyon National Park/Sequoia National Park (Sierra Nevada mountain range in California). (updated Aug 2018)
• Beech Forests of Europe. Much of Europe that's not cultivated or urbanized is made up of different temperate broad-leaf forests, including beech forests. This natural world heritage site is composed of 78 beech forests around the continent. (updated Sep 2018)
• 🌍 Białowieża/Belovezhskaya Forest. Shared by Poland and Belarus, this is the last remnant of the primeval broadleaf forest that once covered most of temperate Europe. 
• 🌍 Gondwana Rainforests of Australia. The last remnants of the oldest rainforests of the world. (updated Jul 2021)

• 🌍 Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (Between Russia and Alaska). This park is close to the Bering Strait and therefore is not far from Little Diomede (see below listing). (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Little Diomede (Between Russia and Alaska). An island with a very small population. It is notable because it marks the western end of North America. (updated Aug 2018)

• 🌍 Northeast Greenland National Park. A gigantic national park, but it is extremely — emphasis on extremely — remote. (updated Aug 2018)
• 🌍 Antarctic Peninsula has the best of Antarctica's scenery and wildlife, and is routinely visited on cruises.

• 🌍 The Grand Canyon. This is one of the deepest canyons in the world, and consequently there are significant differences between the vegetation at the top of the canyon and the vegetation at the bottom. Information about how the different elevations in the canyon affect plant life can be found on the United States National Parks website. (updated Aug 2018)

The nicest time to visit the tropical, subtropical, and desert biomes is in winter (when it is less hot); Mediterranean, grassland, and high desert biomes in either spring or fall (neither hot nor wet); and temperate forest, tundra, and Arctic/Antarctic biomes in summer (not too cold). However, Earth is such a large planet with so many different climate types, land formations, and natural disasters that you must check a destination's general climate and weather conditions before visiting. You may also want to specifically see the area in some other season, such as the snowy winter of some temperate regions.

Not only do different biomes have varying climates, but they also have varying wildlife. Viewing wildlife is an important and exciting reason to travel to other biomes; however, different wildlife means that on your journey to another biome you will encounter flora and fauna, probably some of them dangerous, that you have never been in contact with before. Below are some examples of dangerous fauna that can be encountered in different biomes:

• Bears: temperate forest (black bears and grizzly bears), tundra (grizzly bears and polar bears), Arctic (polar bears)
• Lions, but not mountain lions: African savanna
• Leopards: Old World tropical
• Tigers: largely tropical; however, there are also Siberian tigers, which are far from tropical creatures

See also: Animal ethics

While oak trees or ladybugs may be common in your neighborhood and each individual living thing might not seem very important, in many biomes there are animals which are severely threatened due to loss of their habitat (often due to development), poaching, or because they have always lived in small numbers. When people interfere with species that would naturally exist in small numbers, there is a high risk of the species dying out completely. Once a species dies out, other species can be put at risk as well, and a domino effect can then occur that results in the complete destruction of an ecosystem. Fortunately, this has not occurred in nature yet, but with human populations continually rising and therefore high consumption rates of food, water, plastics, etc., the risk of habitat destruction (particularly in less developed countries) increases with time unless people travel responsibly.