Czech Republic

The Czech region was inhabited by Celtic tribes Boii for the first four centuries of the first millennium. The Celts gave way to post-Roman Germanic tribes. Later, Slavs arrived and, in the 9th century they founded the Great Moravian Empire, stretching from Germany to Ukraine. After the fall of Great Moravia the Bohemian Duchy (later Kingdom) was formed, creating a territorial unit almost identical to the modern Czech Republic. The rise of the Habsburgs led to the Czech lands becoming a part of the Holy Roman Empire, and later Austria-Hungary, and a massive influx of German immigrants. The mineral springs of the West Bohemian Spa Triangle gave rise to "health tourism" and both Habsburg and non-Habsburg royals would cure their various ailments there.

After the First World War, the closely related Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire formed the new nation of Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, the new country's leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Sudeten Germans and the Hungarians. A poor relationship with the German minority (20% of the overall population) was a particular problem that was capitalized on by Adolf Hitler and used as "rationale" for the dismemberment of the nation before the outbreak of World War II. The country was annexed and brutally occupied by Germany during the war.

After World War II, Czechoslovakia expelled most of its Germans by force and many of the ethnic Hungarians after the Potsdam Conference. However, the nation was very blessed in the fact that it emerged from the war more or less physically intact as it mostly avoided the fate of the massive air bombardments and invasions that levelled most of the historic neighbouring cities in Germany, Austria, Poland and Belarus. The country fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and remained so by force of arms until 1989 (see Cold War Europe).

In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize Communist party rule and create "socialism with a human face". Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year ushered in a period of harsh repression and conservatism within the party ranks called "normalisation". In November 1989, the communist government was deposed in a peaceful Velvet Revolution, and the first multiparty democratic elections were held in 1990.

On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This was an amicable and peaceful separation, and both countries maintain close relations with each other. A member of NATO since 1999 and the EU since 2004, the Czech Republic has moved toward integration in world markets, a development that poses both opportunities and risks, however unemployment and population decline are rampant in the Czech countryside due to better job opportunities in the large cities like Prague. Nevertheless, the Czech Republic has experienced rapid economic growth following the fall of the communist regime and transitioning to democracy, and is widely regarded to have advanced to developed country status, having been recognised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as an "advanced economy" since 2009.

The Czech flag is the same one that was used by Czechoslovakia. It was readopted in 1993.

• Easter (Velikonoce): On Easter Monday it is customary for guys to (slightly) spank girls and women with a wicker stick with colourful ribbons at the end (pomlázka), in the hope that the girls and women will in turn give them coloured eggs, candy or drinks. Obvious tourists are often (but not always) exempt.
• Witch Burning (Pálení čarodějnic) or Night of Witches (Čarodějnice): On the last April evening, bonfires are lit around the country. "Witch" figurines, as a symbol of evil, are made and burned in the fire. This is the reinterpretation of the old pagan festival (Beltane) influenced by Christian inquisition. Because probably most Czechs would prefer the witches over the inquisitors, in many fires no witches are burnt, and the feast is celebrated in a more original pagan way - witches are those who should celebrate the night, not be burnt. It doesn't stop jokes like "Honey, hide or you will be burnt tonight!"
• Last Ringing (Poslední zvonění) is a traditional celebration of the end of the last year at a high school. It is celebrated usually in late April or early May, a week or more before the final exams (maturita in Czech) take place (the time may be different in different schools). Students get a free day and usually do silly things in silly costumes. They go to the streets and collect money from people passing by, sometimes threatening them with water, writing on their faces with a lipstick or spraying them with perfume. The collected money is used at a party after the exams, or maturita ball.
• Feast of St. Mikuláš (St. Nicolaus, Santa Claus), Dec. 5: On this day, St. Mikuláš roams about with his consorts, an angel and a devil. He gives small presents and candy to children to reward them for their good behaviour throughout the year, while the devil chastises children for their wrongdoings over the course of the year and gives them potatoes, coal (or sometimes spankings) as a punishment. Old Town Square in Prague is a great place to watch the festivities.
• Christmas (Vánoce): Czechs begin celebrating this holiday on Christmas Eve and continue to celebrate until the 26th (the Feast of Stephen). Presents are placed under a Christmas tree (by Ježíšek (The Baby Jesus) as little children believe) and taken after dinner on Christmas Eve. Potato salad and carp is a traditional Christmas meal, and for this reason one can see live carp being sold out of huge tanks throughout the streets of Czech cities and towns just before Christmas.

The Czech lands (Česko [ˈtʃɛskɔ] in Czech) consist of three historical lands: Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Czech Silesia (Slezsko).

Although the modern adjective bohemian refers to Bohemia, that usage was based on a broad stereotype and also a poor grasp of geography, so don't expect the Bohemians you meet to be nomadic or anti-conventional artistic/literary bohemians, or to see anything out of Puccini's "La Bohème". And no, "Bohemian Rhapsody" (its lyrics sprinkled with Italian and Arabic) is not a local anthem!

So the word Bohemia/Bohemian came from the name of the Celtic tribe Boii. The term Bohemian had ended up meaning more or less Czech by the end of the 19th century with the awakening of Slavic nationalism. However, it was also used to refer to any inhabitant of Bohemia, including the vast number of Germans that used to inhabit the region until the closing months of World War II.

Moravia and Bohemia (the other half of the Czech Republic) were among the first regions of continental Europe to undergo an industrial revolution; however Moravia did not experience the mass urbanisation of Bohemia. This region is, therefore, still home to gorgeous vineyards, orchards, fields full of "organic" produce, and filled with scenic mountain vistas and cute little villages. Even the regional capital, Brno, is renowned for its small town charm. There is an extremely extensive rail system, and the region contains historic factories such as Zbrojovka Brno (weapons) and the Baťa factory in Zlín (shoes).

The dialects of Czech spoken in Moravia are slightly different from those spoken in Bohemia, particularly in Prague. Moravians pride themselves on their dialect and learning a few stereotypical regionalisms may go down well (or terribly, depending on just what it is you think you're saying and what you end up saying).

The region's strategic location at the Moravian Gate (a pass through the imposing mountain ranges of Central Europe) has led to a confluence of a great amount of history.

• Visit Czech Republic website

The Czech Republic is a member of the Schengen Agreement. See Travelling around the Schengen Area for more information on how the scheme works, which countries are members and what the requirements are for your nationality. In summary:

• There are normally no immigration controls between countries that have signed and implemented the treaty.
• There are usually identity checks before boarding international flights or boats entering the Schengen Area. Sometimes there are temporary border controls at land borders.
• A visa granted for any Schengen member is valid in all other countries that have signed and implemented the treaty.

For EU, EEA and Swiss nationals, passports and national identity cards only need to be valid for the period of their stay in the Czech Republic.

For all other nationals, passports/travel documents must be valid for a period of at least 90 days beyond the expected length of stay in the Czech Republic/Schengen Area.

Foreign nationals whose stay in the Czech Republic will exceed 30 days are required to register within 30 days on their arrival in the Czech Republic with the Alien and Border Police. In case you stay in a hotel or similar institution, the provider of the accommodation should arrange this registration for you.

Children inscribed in their parents´ passports are allowed to travel with their parents up to the age of 15. Once the child has reached the age of 15, a separate passport is necessary.

Visit this webpagefor more information on what constitutes a valid and acceptable travel document for the purpose of entering the Czech Republic.

🌍 Václav Havel Airport (PRG ^IATA) – about 10 km west of the centre of Prague, (Praha in Czech), is a hub of Czech national carrier – Czech Airlines (ČSA), a SkyTeam member.

Other international airports are (descending in importance):

• 🌍 Brno Tuřany Airport
• 🌍 Leoš Janáček Airport Ostrava)
• 🌍 Pardubice airport
• 🌍 Karlovy Vary airport and new
• 🌍 České Budějovice airport.

There are several low-cost airlines serving the important Czech airports. Other nearby airports are in

• Dresden (100 km)
• Leipzig (180 km)
• Nuremberg (200 km)
• Munich (320 km)
• Vienna having a bus shuttle to Brno city (260 km to Prague, 110 km to Brno) in Austria
• Wroclaw (200 km) in Poland (might be a good idea if you want to go to the Giant Mountains) and
• Bratislava (280 km to Prague, only 120 km to Brno) in Slovakia.

International bus service runs from many cities in Europe with direct connections from Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Slovakia, Switzerland, Austria, etc. Good service is offered by Eurolines and RegioJet. Cheap tickets from Poland are offered by FlixBus. Almost all new long distance bus operators in Germany and Deutsche Bahn offer buses from various points in Germany or Austria to Prague for an overview of rates see Busradar. As the market is very new and still very volatile companies might cease operations or newly emerge on short notice.

Main article: Rail travel in Czech Republic

International train service runs from most points in Europe with direct connections from Slovakia, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary and Ukraine, and in summer also from Croatia.

EC trains operate every two hours from Berlin or Hamburg via Dresden and Bad Schandau in Saxon Switzerland to Prague and Brno. A direct but very pricey overnight sleeper service serves Frankfurt, Karlsruhe and Basel. Tickets to Prague are available at the website of Czech Railways.

There are daily trains from Munich to Prague, but they are slower than the bus, because of slow and curvy (although picturesque) railway at southwestern Czech border. Tickets from the Czech Railways website start from 15 EUR.

If you cross the border in a local train (not EC or EN), consider taking advantage of the Bayern-Böhmen-Ticket or the Sachsen-Böhmen-Ticket (both from €32). In the vicinity of the Czech-German-Polish three country border, you may profit from the unified fare of the transport system ZVON

There is one direct EC train from Warsaw to Prague and Ostrava and direct sleeper cars from Warsaw and Kraków. The ticket for the daytime train costs €19-29, if bought at least three days in advance. For night trains, there is no such cheap offer, but you can use a tricky combination, see #Cheap ticket combinations.

Apart from the long-distance trains there are very few local trains. For long-distance travel a semi-fast train from Wroclaw to Pardubice can be useful.

In local trains (not IC or EC), it is possible to buy a special cross-border ticket (Polish: bilet przechodowy) which is valid between the Czech and Polish (or vice versa) border stations and costs only 15 Kč or PLN2. You can buy it from the conductor on the train (or completely ignore it if the conductor does not emerge before you reach the other border station, which happens) and combine it with domestic tickets of the two countries. In the vicinity of the Czech-German-Polish three country border, you may profit from the unified fare of the ZVON transport system.

As parts of former Czechoslovakia, the trains between Czechia and Slovakia are frequent. EC trains go every two hours from Bratislava to Prague and Brno, and from Žilina to Prague and Ostrava (some of which start in Košice.) All these cities have also a direct overnight sleeper car connection to Prague.

Railjet trains from Graz and Vienna to Prague and Brno operate every two hours. From Linz to Prague there are two directs connections and two more connections with change in České Budějovice.

Cheap tickets to Prague, Brno and Ostrava are available at Austrian Railways website, if bought at least 3 days in advance. The price begins at €19 for Vienna-Brno, €29 for Vienna-Prague and Linz-Prague.

If you cross the border in a local train (not IC, EC), you can take advantage of discounted return ticket EURegio.

Two direct sleeper services run between Prague and Zurich on different routes, one through Germany (EN Canopus) and the other through Austria. The one through Austria is generally cheaper. Tickets can be bought on Czech Railways.

Full-price international tickets are quite expensive so, if no commercial discount fits your needs, you can combine domestic tickets to save money:

• Buy a German/Austrian/Slovak/Polish domestic ticket to the Czech border and then ask the Czech conductor for a Czech domestic ticket starting at the border point (the surcharge for buying the ticket in the train is 40 Kč). Remember there is a significant group discount starting from 2 passengers. Conductors on international trains should accept payments in Euros. On weekends, instead of the standard Czech domestic ticket, you can also buy online a network ticket called SONE+ for 600 Kč (valid up to 2 adults and 3 children for one weekend day). You have to print this ticket online or present it on the screen of your notebook.

The border point names are:

• from Berlin: Schöna Gr.
• from Vienna: Břeclav Gr.
• from Linz: Summerau Gr.
• from Bratislava: Kúty Gr.
• from Munich: Furth im Wald Gr.
• from Nuremberg: Cheb Gr.
• from Košice: Horní Lideč Gr. (trains via Vsetín) or Čadca Gr. (trains via Ostrava)
• from Warsaw and Kraków: Bohumín Gr. (direct daytime trains between Prague and Warsaw) or Zebrzydowice Gr. (others)
• from Wrocław: Lichkov Gr.

The Gr. means a border point to distinguish them from stations with the same name.

The Elbe Radweg crosses the German-Czech border.

The country has land borders with Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia. A motorway vignette (dálniční známka) is required to drive on motorways in the Czech Republic. These are now available online at edalnice.cz. At some border crossings there are kiosks selling this vignette, but they operate simply by buying it online for you and charging a hefty commission for that, so you are advised to avoid them and just buy it online.

There is a domestic flight from Prague to Ostrava, operated by CSA Czech Airlines twice daily, but this is usually expensive and used mainly to connect with other flights to/from Prague.

A cheap and excellent means of travelling between Prague and other major cities are the buses from FlixBus, RegioJet, Leo Express and Student Agency. These buses are usually a bit faster and cost less than the Czech trains (not considering discounts). On some routes (e.g. Prague to Brno) this is marginal, but on others such as Prague to Karlovy Vary or Liberec, there is no direct train connection so the buses are by far the best option. Usually, you do not have to book a seat but if you travel on Fridays or during holidays from or to Prague, it is recommended. You can reserve seats online at the Regiojet website. Apart from this operator there are many other bus companies that link Prague and other cities and towns, even remote villages, regularly. Most buses leave Prague from the central bus station at Florenc, but other major bus stations can be found at Na Knížecí (metro station Anděl), Černý Most, Zličín and Roztyly, all of which are located next to metro stations.

Local bus travel between small towns and surrounding villages is usually operated by companies named ČSAD (district name), a remnant of the nationwide state-run company Československá Autobusová Doprava from communist times. On local buses you simply tell the driver where you're going and pay him a fare as you get on.

Czech drivers may seem aggressive sometimes, especially in Prague, but it is far from the "madness" found in some southern European countries.

The Czech Republic is a zero tolerance country for alcohol. It's illegal to drive a motor vehicle under the influence of any amount of alcohol (or other drugs), and violations are heavily punished. Every time a driver is stopped, he is given an alcohol breath test, if the driver looks suspicious, he is can be also given saliva drug test. For driving under influence of alcohol, an on-spot fine can be issued (get a receipt). In case the drug is positive, the driver has to be taken to hospital for blood tests and can only be penalised based on results of these blood tests. There have been a few cases of policeman using already positive drug tests and demanding bribes.

In order to drive on the well-kept motorways, however, you need to purchase a vignette unless you're riding a motorcycle. These vignettes cost 310 Kč in 2023 for ten days (for vehicles lighter than 3.5 tonnes), but can be purchased for longer periods of time (1 month for 440 Kč or 1,500 Kč for a year). If you don't buy a vignette you drive on the motorways, the fines can be very steep (5,000 Kč minimum). Since 2021 the vignette is no longer a physical sticker, but is to be bought online. It can be also bought at post offices and EuroOil gas stations, but this is not very useful. Make certain that you purchase the correct vignette: there are those for vehicles under 3.5 tonnes in weight and those for vehicles between 3.5 and 12 tonnes.

The condition of many roads is continually improving, but to be economical and fast, drive on the motorways as much as possible, although if you want to get to remote parts of the country you will not avoid side-roads that may be a little bumpy sometimes. Even after reconstruction, second-class roads in the countryside are often quite narrow, without dividing line in the middle.

Speed limits in the Czech Republic are usually 130 km/h (81 mph) on motorways, 90 km/h (56 mph) off the motorways, and 50 km/h (31 mph) in towns. Petrol is cheaper than the rest of Europe (40 Kč, May 2022), but it is expensive compared to the United States, as it is heavily taxed. If driving for a longer distance, it is economical to shop around for petrol - the price range between petrol stations is extremely wide. Petrol can cost 50 Kč at a highway petrol station and 40 Kč in a small town nearby. Petrol stations belonging to the ONO chain usually have the cheapest petrol. There are usually three or more kinds of car fuel labeled by different colours - black is diesel, green is gasoline. 98 petrol (premium), 95 petrol (standard) and 92 petrol (not recommended) are usually available.

Traffic fines can usually be paid on the spot, but always demand a receipt.

The use of either daytime running lights (dlr) or dipped headlights is mandatory even during daytime all year. Failure to have your lights on while driving may result in a police fine.

Compulsory equipment includes

• First-aid kit
• set of replacement bulbs
• set of replacement fuses
• warning triangle (not required for motorcycles)
• reflective jacket

Main article: Rail travel in Czech Republic

Trains in Czech Republic are operated mostly by state-owned company České Dráhy (Czech Railways). RegioJet (a subsidiary of Student Agency) and LeoExpress operate modernised trains between Prague and Ostrava.

The trains go to the most remote locations of the Czech Republic and unlike buses, they usually operate regularly during off-peak hours and during weekends. However, outside the modernised main corridors, the standard of travelling is often the same as it was in the 1970s, and therefore it is quite time-consuming to get to the provincial towns or villages, the trains tending to meander around the countryside.

• Osobní vlak (Os) - regional local train, stops everywhere.
• Spěšný vlak (Sp) - regional fast train, skips villages.
• Rychlík (R) - long-distance interregional express train, stops in bigger towns and cities only.
• Rychlík vyšší kvality (Rx) - higher quality long-distance interregional express train, stops in bigger towns and cities only.
• Express (Ex) - higher quality long-distance interregional express train, stops in major cities only.
• EuroCity (EC) - highest quality international long-distance express train, stops in biggest cities only.
• InterCity (IC) - highest quality national long-distance express train, stops in biggest cities only.
• RailJet (RJ) - highest quality international long-distance express train, stops in biggest cities only.
• SuperCity (SC) - highest quality national long-distance express train, stops in biggest cities only.
• EuroNight (EN) - highest quality international overnight long-distance express train, stops in biggest cities only.

Tickets should be bought online in advance - Czech Railways, which run on all national and international long-distance routes as well as on the vast majority (99%) of local railways, or Leo Express (Czech only) and Regiojet, the privately held companies, operating trains only on the Prague-Ostrava long-distance route. In each case, there are many advantages compared to buying at the ticket office: tickets are cheaper when bought in advance and the system automatically recommends the cheapest variant (sparing you the trouble of going through the, often Byzantine, tariffs). Visiting the ticket office is only necessary when paying with cash or when needing some special kinds of fares (for example, sleeping car reservations) unavailable online. Ticket purchased online don't have to be printed: It's usually enough to show the pdf file to the conductor on a laptop or tablet screen. The main disadvantage when buying tickets on-line is the need to supply the traveller's name and the number of a government-issued photo ID, such as a driver's license or a passport. You can usually cancel the online ticket for a small fee up to 15 minutes before departure.

The normal train ticket price on the ČD trains, always available even immediately prior to the departure, can be discouraging (roughly 1.40 Kč per km), but Czech Railways (ČD) offer plenty of discounts. Return tickets give you a 5% discount, and a group of travellers (even two travellers are considered as a "group") is treated roughly as "first person pays full price, others pay half price". Therefore, ask for "skupinová sleva" (group discount) and/or "zpáteční sleva" (return discount).

Regular travellers can use a ČD loyalty card, called In-karta, which comes in varieties of 25%, 50% and 100% discount for train tickets (although some tickets may get a lower or no discount) and can quickly pay for itself. The 3-month 25% In-Karta costs 190 Kč whereas the one year 100% discount card gives you free rides for a year at 19,990 Kč. The price of the 25% In-Karta will pay for itself quickly. You have to fill in an application form at the ticket counter and provide a photograph. You will get a temporary paper card immediately and start using the discount. After three weeks you will get a plastic chip card.

On the route between Prague and Ostrava, you can choose between three competing rail carriers: the national Czech Railways (operating both standard "Ex" and premium "SC" trains) and privately held IC RegioJet and LeoExpress (LE) trains. Considering price, LE, Ex and IC trains are equivalent (about 295 Kč), while the SC trains cost usually about 100 Kč more. Speed-wise, SC is the fastest, followed closely by LE, while IC and Ex lag behind. The on-board service is better on the LE and IC trains.

If you travel in a group on weekends or public holidays, you can buy a Group weekend ticket for unlimited travel until midnight on any one eligible day. It is valid for group up to 2 adults and 3 children. The pass is valid in all trains including IC and EC, but in SC you need to buy a seat reservation for additional 200 Kč (or less, for less-frequented times). The whole-network variant costs 600 Kč and regional variant costs 200 to 275 Kč. Buying online and printing the ticket yourself gives you a small discount of 3% and you'll avoid the queue at the station.

Although many train stations were repaired and modernized, the rest is still like a trip back in time to the communist era. Try to avoid them in the late night hours. Trains are generally safe (there are regular police guards assigned for fast trains) and very popular mean of transport and they are widely used both by students and commuters. Therefore, especially the principal rail axis Praha-Pardubice-Olomouc-Ostrava is crowded during peak times (Friday and Sunday afternoon) and seat reservation is recommended.

Prague has a pretty good network of local trains connecting it with suburbs and surrounding cities called Esko (S-Bahn). The Prague public transport tickets (e.g. 32 Kč for 90 minutes) are valid on these trains (Os and Sp category) for travel within the area of Prague.

If you want to visit the dining car in the Czech Railways (České dráhy) train (the blue one), try to do so while the train is inside of the Czech Republic. While the train is in the Czech Republic, you can get some good and tasty meals (even traditional ones like "Svíčková") for around 150 Kč. If you order while the train is outside of the Czech Republic/Slovakia/Hungary, you will be charged almost double the price. This is not scam, it is official policy of the company.

The basic ticket for bike costs 25 Kč for one train or 50 Kč for whole day. You load and unload your bike by yourself. Long-distance trains (with suitcase symbol in timetable) have a luggage wagon, where the train staff will care of your bike, but the ticket costs 30 Kč for one train or 60 Kč for a whole day. Some trains (with squared bike or suitcase symbol in timetable) require compulsory reservation for bikes for 15 Kč at counter or 100 Kč from train staff.

Smaller pets in cages or bags may travel for free. Bigger dogs must have a muzzle and must be on a leash and you have to pay a fee.

Ride-hailing is available in Czech Republic and the following are the most anticipated providers:

• Bolt. Includes many towns. (updated Jul 2020)
• Uber. Works in Prague and Brno. (updated Jun 2021)

The Czech Republic is an excellent place for cycling. There are lots of pleasant country lanes, cycling marked paths and picturesque villages along these paths (always with a pub), it's easy to find the way, and the trains have bicycle racks in the baggage section for when you get tired. Try cycling in South Moravia region (close to Austrian borders) where you can find dozens of well-marked paths that will lead you through beautiful countryside full of vineyards, vine cellars and colourful villages.

Also border mountains (Krkonoše, Šumava, Jeseníky, etc.) are more and more popular among mountain-bikers. There are usually no fences along the trails but always keep to the roads or marked cycling paths here as these mountains are National Parks/Reserves and you can be fined if you cycle "off the beaten track".

Mapy.cz is a good source for cycling information - switch the map (via Změnit mapu - Turistická) to see cycling routes in violet color.

In addition to walking in the cities, there are a great number of hiking paths and scenery-rich trails going through the Czech Republic's forests and natural areas, and the Czech Tourist Club (Klub českých turistů) has mapped and marked these trails so that walkers can easily locate and navigate thousands of kilometres of scenic paths, in fact it is probably the best maintained system of marking in Europe. You can buy maps of their paths on their website , or in the Czech Republic in most bookstores, tobacco shops or museums (green maps, marked with the organization's symbol and the words EDICE TURISTICKÝCH MAP KČT 1:50000 at the top). These maps are based on military maps and very accurate. It's also possible to go by train to a small village at the edge of a forest and find the on-site map of the surrounding area, and four possible paths will be visible, marked in red, yellow, green, and blue nice tourist maps . Nearby such a map will be a set of directing signs, usually posted to a tree, pointing the direction on any of the coloured paths. The path's colour will be marked on trees throughout the path: three short horizontal bars, the outer two white and the innermost the colour of the path you're on. This symbol at times will appear as an arrow, indicating a turn. Bus and train stops will also be indicated on signs. You can also register to become a member of the Czech Tourist Club, where you can camp for 30–50 Kč a night in cottages around the Czech Republic.

Hitchhiking is very common and some drivers stop even on places where they shouldn't.

Take care to use very a clear gesture with the thumb pointing upwards. A gesture looking like you are pointing to the ground may be mistaken for prostitution solicitation.

As a word of advice, if you are hitch-hiking through the Czech Republic from the south to the German town of Dresden, never go to or past Prague unless you are in a ride going all the way to Dresden. Prague itself has no major and continuous beltway, so residents of the area must maneuver a ring of major and local roads to get around the city from south to north. Therefore, the great majority of traffic you will encounter is going into the city. Past Prague, the major highway turns into a two-lane mountain road through local villages, in which again, the great majority of traffic is local and international travelers are hesitant to stop.

Try a letter-sized (A4) piece of paper with the destination written on it so it is clearly visible where you would like to go. See some other Tips for hitchhiking.

It is possible to hitch-hike with smaller dog, although "waiting time" will be longer. Expect another dog in the car.

• Prague, the capital with its incredible historic center (and famous monuments such as the Astronomical Clock, Charles Bridge, and Prague Castle).
• Olomouc, a vibrant university town with the second largest historic center after Prague.
• Český Krumlov - beautiful city with castle.
• Holašovice - preserved baroque village
• Telč - well preserved renaissance town
• Zelená Hora - unique baroque church
• Litomyšl - renaissance chateau and historic centre
• Kutná Hora - silver mining town with gothic cathedral and other sights.
• Vila Tugendhat in Brno
• Třebíč - preserved Jewish quarter
• Lednice-Valtice Area - cultural landscape - chateaus, castles, ponds, gardens...
• Kroměříž - Arcbishop Palace and garden

There are more than 2000 castles, castle ruins and chateaux in the Czech Republic. Wherever you are in the Czech Republic, there will be some castle or chateaux nearby.

Iconic landmarks of the Czech landscape are castles. Often situated on top of the hill, from most of the castles is beautiful view to countryside. Some of those castles are just ruins, but some castles are well-preserved with old interiors, furniture etc. Most picturesque and interesting are for example: Loket Castle, Karlštejn Castle, Kost Castle, Rabí Castle ruin, Český Šternberk Castle, Bezděz Castle, Křivoklát Castle, Bouzov Castle and Pernštejn Castle

Renaissance, baroque or neo-classical, possibly every Czech town has its own chateau. For example: Konopiště Chateau, Valtice Chateau, Lednice Chateau, Hluboká nad Vltavou Chateau, Kuks Chateau, Mikulov Chateau, Vranov nad Dyjí Chateau, Jaroměřice nad Rokytnou Chateau, Červená Lhota Chateau, Děčín Chateau and Orlík Chateau.

The Czech Republic is a land of many great cathedrals. Perhaps the most important one is the Gothic St. Vitus Cathedral at the Prague Castle. It has a great importance for the Czech nation as a coronation place of Bohemian kings and also the place of their last rest. It contains treasury for the most precious relics of the kingdom and remains of patron saint Wenceslaus.

Another Gothic jewel is the monumental St. Barbara's Church of Kutná Hora, a part of UNESCO cultural heritage. St. Barbara is a patron of miners, which is particularly appropriate in Kutná Hora, which gained its wealth and fame in the Middle Ages due to rich silver mines.

Among other highlights are St. Bartholomew's Cathedral in Pilsen, Cathedral of the Holy Spirit in Hradec Králové, Saint Wenceslas Cathedral in Olomouc and Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Brno.

• Kladruby Monastery
• Brevnov Monastery
• Plasy Monastery - cistercian
• Vyssi Brod Monastery

• Svata Hora u Pribrami
• Hostyn

• Krkonoše NP
• Šumava NP
• Bohemian Switzerland NP
• Podyjí NP

Beautiful landscape areas include Bohemian Paradise, České Středohoří, Křivoklátsko, Třeboňsko, Beskydy Mountains, Jeseníky Mountains.

The countryside across the Czech Republic is unspoilt and is dotted with many picturesque little villages.

• The Macocha Caves, north of Brno, are definitely worth a visit. You can take a guided tour into the caves, which will take you through a myriad of winding tunnels, with close up views of stalactites and stalagmites. The tour ends with a boat ride on an underground river.
• The Battle of Austerlitz - Slavkovské bojiště is one of the most important events in the history of Europe in the 19th century.
• Technical museum in Brno (nice and modern)
• Lakes under Palava (mountains). This lakes are actually river dams but good for sailing and fishing (you must have fishing license) it's full of big fishes.
• Mikulčice archaeological site, site of the former capital of the Great Moravian Empire (c. 900 AD).

See also On foot above.

Czech Republic has an excellent and sophisticated system of trail blazing, marked trails are about everywhere. Choose an area, buy a hiking map for the area (best brand is "Klub českých turistů", 1:50000 military based maps covering the whole country, available in most large bookstores) and go. Marked trails can also be seen on Seznam online maps - tourist paths are marked green, red, blue or yellow.

Many places in the Czech Republic are great for swimming, and there are many designated public swimming areas (called koupaliště). A list of places suitable for swimming is available. However, in hot weather, the quality of the water in some places can fall below EU standard regulations.

Full nudity is legal on any beach, but usually only happens in non-crowded places and on designated nudist beaches. A full list of naturist beaches is available.

Czechs are proud of their classical music tradition, having given rise to composers such as Josef Mysliveček, Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák and Leoš Janáček. Even today, many cities and towns have classical music festivals, and the country continues to have some of the world's top early music ensembles, symphonic orchestras and opera singers. Prague is the natural place to start, being home to the National Theatre and the Prague State Opera. Prague is also home to the Estates Theatre, where Mozart had premiered and personally conducted his highly successful opera Don Giovanni in 1787. Another notable place is Český Krumlov, whose castle theatre is the only one in Europe whose state machinery survives in its original 18th-century form with no modern additions.

The currency of the Czech republic is the koruna (crown), plural koruny or korun, denoted by the symbol "Kč" (ISO code: CZK). The ISO code is often used internationally and locally, but the local symbol is Kč (for Koruna česká). However, you will more often see amounts just chalked up like "37,-" without "Kč" added at all.

One koruna is made up of 100 haléř (haléřů), but coins are only issued in whole koruna values. Coins are issued in denominations of 1 Kč, 2 Kč, 5 Kč (all stainless steel), 10 Kč (copper-coloured), 20 Kč (brass-coluored) and 50 Kč (copper-coloured ring, brass-coloured centre). Notes are issued in denominations of 100 Kč (aqua), 200 Kč (orange), 500 Kč (red), 1,000 Kč (purple), 2,000 Kč (olive green) and 5,000 Kč (green-purple). Old banknotes that were issued in 1999 or earlier are no longer legal tender, but they can be exchanged for current ones at the Czech National Bank.

Some major stores (mainly bigger chains) will accept euros, and it's also fairly common for accommodation providers to quote the price in euros. In shopping areas along the Austrian border and petrol stations in the whole country change is given in euros, but supermarkets and similar stores in Prague (and probably other cities) return only Kč, even though they accept euros.

These ATMs do not charge a fee for withdrawing money with an international credit card:
• fio banka
• KB (Komerční banka)
• Raiffeisenbank
The fees of other banks are (as of May 2022):
• Oberbank: 180 Kč
• Moneta: 185 Kč
• Čsob: 150 Kč
• Česká spořitelna: 125 Kč
• UniCredit: 125 Kč
• Euronet: 99 Kč
• airbank: 125 Kč or 6%

Decline the conversation into the currency of your credit card, because there is fee for doing so (usually 12-15% of the total amount). If you want to ask somebody, where the ATM is: The Czech word for ATM is bankomat.

Never exchange money on the street, as these people are likely to give you similar-looking but worthless expired Belarusian rubles or Bulgarian leva instead. Also, if you're in Prague, don't exchange it in the tourist-oriented exchange offices. The "real" exchange rate you should be looking for can be found here. There is no "black market" with better rates, but there is a good chance you'll end up with a roll of worthless paper. Be very careful when you are exchanging money at a small exchange kiosk. They try to use tricks in order to give you a bad exchange rate. Ask for the total amount you will get and recompute it by yourself. Do not trust "0% commission" in big letter signs (often there is an "only when selling CZK" amendment in small letters, and buying koruny still includes a commission). On this website you can get a good overview of reliable exchange places and rates.

Generally, exchange offices at airports, rail stations and main tourist streets do not offer a good rate. Local people exchange money in exchange offices in less frequented areas, such as around the "Politických vězňů", "Opletalova" or "Kaprova" streets. In some cases, one can get a better rate by using ATMs instead of changing cash. In a pinch, you can also try a bank such as Česká spořitelna – there will be a small commission but the rates are much better than those in the "tourist trap" exchange offices.

Major stores throughout the country accept Visa and Electronic Cash / Maestro Cards, as do all the tourist stores in Prague.

Although it is customary to tip in the Czech Republic, it has very little to do with the size of the bill, and more to do with a sign of appreciation. It is common to round up the bill by a few crowns to make it even. Away from places regularly visited by foreigners, leaving a "tip" on a table after a meal at a restaurant is not the usual practice; locals may even object to it.

Tipping in tourist restaurants is a standard 10%, and is not normally added to the bill. Don't be confused by the percentage figures listed at the bottom of the bill – by Czech law, a receipt must show the value-added tax (VAT) paid (21% in most cases) – the VAT is already included in the final amount, and you should add 10% to this. It is normal practice to give the waiter the tip before you leave the table. Tipping is not obligatory – if you aren't satisfied with the services offered, don't bother tipping.

Traditional Czech food is hearty and suitable after a hard day in the fields. It is heavy and quite fatty, and is excellent in the winter. There is now a trend towards lighter food with more vegetables, the traditional heavy and fatty Czech food is usually not eaten every day and some people avoid it entirely. However, nothing goes as well with the excellent Czech beer as some of the best examples of traditional Czech cuisine, like pork, duck, or goose with knedlíky (dumplings) and sauerkraut.

A traditional main meal of a day (usually lunch) consists of two or three dishes. The first dish is hot soup (polévka). The second dish is the most important part, very often based on some meat and side dish (both served on the same plate). The third, optional part is either something sweet (and coffee) or a small vegetable salad or something similar.

Czech cuisine features many different kinds of soup (polévka). The most common are:

• Bramboračka. potato soup (sometimes with forest mushrooms) (updated Nov 2023)
• Hovězí vývar. Clear beef soup (sometimes játrovými knedlíčky - with liver dumplings) (updated Nov 2023)
• Gulášovka. Thick goulash soup (updated Nov 2023)
• Zelňačka. Thick and sour cabbage soup (updated Nov 2023)
• Česnečka. Strong garlic soup, very healthy and tasty, but do not eat this before kissing (updated Nov 2023)
• Kulajda. Thick soup with forest mushrooms and milk. (updated Nov 2023)
• Hrášková polévka. From young green peas (updated Nov 2023)
• Čočková polévka. From lentils (updated Nov 2023)
• Fazolačka. From beans (updated Nov 2023)
• Rajská polévka. Tomato soup (updated Nov 2023)
• Dršťková polévka. A special case not to everyone's tastes is – tripe soup (updated Nov 2023)
• Rybí polévka. Thick fish soup made from carps (including its head, some innards, roe and sperm) is the traditional soup of the Christmas Dinner. (updated Nov 2023)

Some soups are eaten with bread, sometimes small croutons are put inside the soup just before eating. Soup can be also eaten as the only dish, especially for a smaller dinner.

The second dish (main course, hlavní jídlo) of a meal is (in the traditional cuisine) often the famous heavy and fatty part, very often based on pork, but also beef, chicken, duck, or other meat. An important part of most main courses is a side-dish (the whole dish including the side-dish is served on one plate) - usually cooked or baked potatoes, fries, rice, pasta or the most typical side-dish of the Czech cuisine - knedlíky.

Knedlíky (usually translated as dumplings) come in many different kinds. Most kinds are used as side-dish, however, some kinds with filling are used as a dish by themselves. The most common type, always used as side-dish, are houskové knedlíky (bread dumplings). These are cooked in the shape of a cylinder, which is then cut into round slices about 8 cm in diameter remotely resembling white bread.

Houskové knedlíky are served with Czech classics such as:

• Guláš (Ghoulash). Beef stew which is similar to Hungarian goulash but with a thinner sauce and less spicy. (updated Nov 2023)
• Svíčková na smetaně. Beef sirloin with a creamy root vegetable (carrot, celeriac, parsnip) sauce, served with a tablespoon of cranberry sauce, a slice of orange or lemon and whipped cream. (updated Nov 2023)
• Vepřová pečeně se zelím a knedlíkem. Locally named as Vepřo-knedlo-zelo, the combination of roast pork, knedlíky and sauerkraut. The latter combines very well with the world-famous Czech beer, the major brands being Pilsner Urquell, Gambrinus, Budvar, Staropramen, Velkopopovický Kozel and Krušovice. If you are lucky enough to enter a pub serving Svijany, you should order it, as it is believed to be one of the most delicious brands worldwide. (updated Nov 2023)

Another common kind is bramborové knedlíky (potato dumplings), the slices are smaller, more yellow in color, and are also always served as a side-dish. A typical combination is roasted meet (pork or lamb for example) with spinach and bramborové knedlíky or duck with sauerkraut and bramborové knedlíky (or a combination of bramborové and houskové knedlíky). Less common are chlupaté knedlíky (hairy dumplings, but there are no hairs, don't panic), which are not sliced but cooked in the shape of balls. They are also usually served with roasted meat and either sauerkraut or spinach.

Other Czech dishes include pečená kachna, roast duck again served with bread or potato dumplings, and red and white sauerkraut; moravský vrabec, known as 'Moravian Sparrow', but which is pork cooked in garlic and onions; smažený kapr, fried carp breaded and served with a very rich potato salad and eaten on Christmas Eve; pečené vepřové koleno, roast pork knee, served with mustard and fresh horseradish; bramborák, garlicky potato pancakes; smažený sýr, breaded deep-fried edam (the most popular cheese in the Czech Republic) served with boiled potatoes or french fries and tartar sauce; párek v rohlíku, long, thin hot dogs with crusty rolls and mustard or ketchup. If you must, you can always get hranolky - french fries. And of course, the ubiquitous zelí (raw cabbage), which is served with absolutely everything. Game is also very good, and includes dishes such as kančí, wild boar, bažant, pheasant and jelení or daňčí, both types of venison. These are almost always served either with dumplings and red and white cabbage or as guláš.

Don't expect a wide selection of zelenina, vegetables, unless in the countryside - peppers, tomatoes and cabbage are the most commonly seen side dishes, often served as a small garnish.

Visitors may be surprised when they find "American potatoes" on the menu. These are potato wedges, usually spiced.

Generally, probably the best place to really try the Czech cuisine is to be invited for such a meal to somebody's home. However, it is not so easy, because people today tend to prepare simpler and more international foods. Traditional Czech cuisine is often reserved to Sundays or some holidays or prepared by old grandma when her children visit her. This is not a rule, but it is a common situation. In common restaurants, even the better ones, the traditional Czech food usually does not match what the old granny serves. This does not mean that the food is bad or not tasty, but it is missing something that the home preparation can provide. In luxurious restaurants specialized in Czech cuisine, the food can be excellent, but the luxurious style and creative improvements by the chef often do not match the style of the old granny. Again, this is not a hard rule. Sometimes you can compliment the food in a restaurant "as if my grandma prepared it."

There are some dishes that are usually not served in any restaurants or pubs, are usually made at home and are worth trying if you have the opportunity. Brambory na loupačku ("potatoes to be peeled") is a cheap and simple meal usually made in the countryside. Whole unpeeled potatoes are cooked in a big pot and put in the pot itself or a bowl on the table. You just take a hot potato from the pot, peel it yourself, put some salt, butter, and/or curd (tvaroh) on it and eat it. Drink it down with lot of cold milk. For such a simply meal it can be incredibly tasty, especially when eaten in the countryside after a day spent outside and chatting over it.

Picking mushrooms in forests is a very popular activity in the Czech Republic. Probably not surprisingly, collected mushrooms are eaten then. In restaurants, usually only cultivated mushrooms are used. If forest mushrooms are served in a restaurant, then usually only as a minor addition to a meal. Homemade mushroom meals are a completely different story. A classic example is Smaženice (the name is based on the verb 'smažit' - to fry), also known as míchanice (to mix) - forest mushrooms, the more kinds the better, are sliced to small pieces, mixed and stewed (with some fat, onion, and caraway). Later, eggs are added to the mixture. Smaženice is served with bread. Smažené bedly are whole caps of parasol mushrooms coated in breadcrumbs and fried. Černý kuba (literally black jimmy) is a traditional Christmas fasting meal made from dried mushrooms and peeled barley. Houbová omáčka (mushroom sauce), served with meat and bread dumplings is also popular. Fresh or dried mushrooms make also a nice addition to bramboračka s houbami (potato soup with mushrooms). Kulajda is a soup from mushrooms and cream. Soups and sauces are the most likely forest mushroom meals to find in a restaurant, because they contain relatively small amount of mushrooms.

If you want to pick mushrooms by yourself, be careful. There are hundreds of species, some of them very tasty, some merely edible, but some poisonous or even deadly. There is also a species used as a hallucinogenic drug. A tasty and edible species may look very similar to a deadly species. If you do not know mushrooms very well, you should be accompanied by an experienced mushroom-picker.

Also try traditional beer snacks, often the only food served in some pubs (hospoda, pivnice), and designed to be washed down by a good beer:

• Utopenec. (means 'drowned man' in Czech) a pickled sausage with onion, garlic and other vegetables and spices. (updated Dec 2023)
• Zavináč - (rollmop) a slice of pickled fish, most often herring or mackerel, rolled-up and filled with various pickled vegetables (sauerkraut, onion, sometimes carrot or pepper).
• Tlačenka s cibulí - (brawn with onion) a slice of haggis-like meat pudding, sprinkled with vinegar and garnished with fresh onion slices. Beware, can be rather acidic due to vinegar.
• Nakládaný Hermelín - pickled Brie-like cheese, often marinated with garlic and chilli.
• Pivní sýr - beer cheese - a soft cheese, with a strong, Cheddar-like flavour. You should add a splash of beer to the cheese, and then mash it all together, and serve it on traditional Czech bread - Šumava (the name of a region in South Bohemia) is the most common bread, a very tasty dense loaf made from rye and carroway seeds.
• Tvarůžky or Syrečky - traditional cheese with a very strong aroma, and very much an acquired taste. Often served deep-fried, but can be eaten alone, just with some chopped onion, mustard and bread. Sometimes also marinated in beer ('syrečky v pivu'). This cheese naturally contains almost no fat (less than 1%).
• Romadur - traditional cheese with strong aroma. Aroma is similar to Tvarůžky, but Romadur is a different type of cheese.
• Matesy s cibulí - (soused herring) cold fish served with onions.

If you want a warm, bigger, and more complicated meal which goes excellently with beer, get some of the typical Czech meals based on fatty meat (pork, duck, or goose) with sauerkraut and knedlíky (dumplings). Another excellent option is a whole pork knee with horseradish and bread (ovarové koleno s křenem).

Czechs like sweets but consumer patterns are different compared to France, USA or the UK. As everywhere some traditional treats have become a mass-market production for tourists, others are pretty difficult to find.

• Lázeňské oplatky. Spa wafers from Mariánské Lázně and Karlovy Vary (major spa towns in Western Bohemia, better known by their German names of Marienbad and Karlsbad) are meant to be eaten while "taking the waters" at a spa, but they're good on their own, too. Other major spas are Karlova Studánka (favourite destination of Václav Havel - former Czechoslovakian president), Františkovy Lázně, Jánské Lázně, Karviná, Teplice and Luhačovice. You will find them most easily not only in spa resorts but also in Prague. Have them either out of the box on your own or heated and iced with sugar, cinnamon, etc. (updated Nov 2023)
• Trdlo (trdelník). Is available in dedicated sell-points in the streets of Prague. It is a medieval-style sweet roll made from eggs and flour. However, it has no real connection to the country and only appeared in Prague in the 1990s; most locals avoid it. (updated Nov 2023)

• Jablkový závin (štrůdl). Apple strudel, often served warm with whipped cream. (updated Nov 2023)
• Medovník. Similar to the Russian medovik (honey cake), a newcomer has quickly spread in most restaurants. A brown high cake made of gingerbread, honey and walnuts. Marlenka is a popular brand though there are homemade variations too. (updated Nov 2023)
• Ovocné knedlíky. Fruit stuffed dumplings served either as a main course or a filling dessert. The smaller ones ('tvarohové') come with plum, apple or apricot filling, and the bigger ones ('kynuté') come with strawberries, blueberries, povidla (plum jam) or other fruits. Knedlíky are served with melted butter, iced with tvaroh (curd cheese) and sugar, and topped with whipped cream. (updated Nov 2023)
• Palačinka. Not much in common with French crêpes, these pancakes are usually thicker and served with a wide choice of fillings including chocolate, ice-cream, fruit and whipped cream. (updated Nov 2023)

Also try the wide variety of rich cream cakes usually found in a Kavárna (a cafe), or a Cukrárna (a shop which sells all things sweet together with ice cream and drinks, found throughout the Czech Republic and often the only place open in small towns and villages on Sundays). Czech cakes are similar to their Viennese cousins due to the shared history of both countries under the Austro-Hungarian empire. Also sample Vídeňská káva (Viennese coffee), coffee served with a mountain of whipped cream.

• Rakvička (literally a little coffin) is a light crispy biscuit with cream,
• Větrník is a round French éclair style cream cake,
• Punčák is a rum soaked yellow/pink biscuit sugar-glazed cake,
• Laskonka is a coconut and cream based sandwich cake, and many more!

• Bábovka. A traditional cake, similar to marble cake, fairly dry, and usually served dusted with icing sugar. (updated Dec 2023)
• Buchty. (singular Buchta) traditional buns filled with tvaroh (curd cheese), mák (poppy seeds), or povidla (plum jam) (updated Dec 2023)
• Koláče. (singular Koláč) rather popular flat tarts topped with various sweet fillings like tvaroh, povidla, mák, fruit jams, chopped apples and nuts. Their size ranges from bite-sized ('svatební koláčky') to pizza-sized, which often contain several fillings combined into an elaborate pattern ('Chodský koláč' or 'frgál'). (updated Dec 2023)

Finding a vegetarian meal in the Czech Republic is not as difficult now as it once was. In tourist areas at least, such as Prague and the Bohemian Paradise, most restaurant menus contain a vegetarian meals category (bezmasá jídla or vegetariánská jídla) with 2-3 options. People may have their own interpretation of 'vegetarian' though, and it is not uncommon to find dishes such as "broccoli bacon" or prawns listed under "vegetarian meals". In traditional restaurants the choice in vegetarian food is usually limited to fried cheese, fruit dumplings (ovocné knedlíky), omelette, potatoes (boiled, baked, fried or as 'potato pancakes') and sometimes a Greek salad or cooked vegetables. Vegetables practically always have to be ordered separately, even if they appear to be part of the dish: e.g. the vegetables listed in a menu option called "potato pancakes with vegetables" are most likely a garniture consisting of a few leaves of lettuce and a slice of tomato.

Bigger towns have foreign cuisine restaurants, mostly Italian, Vietnamese and Chinese, which can serve you meat-free dishes such as vegetarian pasta.

The Czech Republic is the country where modern beer (pivo in Czech) was invented (in Plzeň). Czechs are the heaviest beer drinkers in the world, drinking about 160 litres of it per capita per year. Going to a cosy Czech pub for dinner and a few beers is a must!

The best-known export brands are Pilsner Urquell (Plzeňský Prazdroj), Budweiser Budvar (Budějovický Budvar) and Staropramen (freely translatable as "Oldspring"). Other major brands which are popular domestically include Gambrinus, Kozel, Bernard (a small traditional brewery, with very high-quality beer), Radegast, and Starobrno (made in Brno, the capital of Moravia). Other fantastic beers worth tasting are Svijany and Dobřanská Hvězda. Although many Czechs tend to be very selective about beer brands, tourists usually don't find a significant difference. And remember, real Czech beer is only served on tap – bottled beer is a completely different experience. High-quality beer can almost certainly be found in a hospoda or hostinec, very basic pubs which serve only beer and light snacks. Take a seat and order your drinks when the waiter comes to you - going to the bar to order your drinks is a British custom! But beware, the handling of the beer is even more important than its brand. A bad bartender can completely ruin even excellent beer. The best bet is to ask local beer connoiseurs about a good pub or just join them.

Beers are sometimes listed by their original sugar content, which is measured in degrees Plato (P/°). The difference is generally apparent in the final alcohol content. Normal beer is about 10° (such as Gambrinus and Staropramen, which results in 4% ABV), lager 12° (such as Pilsner Urquell, which results in about 4.75% ABV). The latter is stronger and more expensive, so you should specify which one you want when you order.

Czech lager is nothing like the fizzy lagers found in many other countries. Instead, it has a very strong, hoppy, almost bitter flavour, and goes very well with heavy dishes like duck or pork and dumplings or strong cheeses. It always has a thick head on the top when it is served, but do not be afraid to drink "through" it, it is fun and it slowly disappears anyway, nevertheless do not drink the beer too slowly as the fresh cold taste (especially in hot summers) quickly fades – the "true" Czech connoisseurs do not even finish this "tepid goat," as they call it.

The right beer bought in shops is only in half-litre brown glass bottles with sheet-crown cap. Experienced earthy beer drinkers drink it directly from the bottle. Some breweries distribute also big (two-litre or 1.5 litre) plastic bottles but they are considered a bit barbarian and degraded by Czechs, and the better breweries ridicule such form. Also, sheet-can beer is perceived as an alien.

Wine (víno in Czech) is another popular drink, particularly wine from Moravia in the southeastern part of the country where the climate is more suited to vineyards. White wines tend to be the best as the growing conditions are more favourable for them.

For white wines, try Veltlínské zelené (Green Veltliner), Muškát moravský (Moravian Muscatel), Ryzlink rýnský (Rhine Riesling) or Tramín (Traminer)

Red wines such as Frankovka (Blaufrankisch), Modrý Portugal (Blue Portugal, named after the grape, not the country), or Svatovavřinecké (Saint Lawrence).

Also, try ice wine (ledové víno) made when the grapes are harvested after they have frozen on the vines, or straw wine (slámové víno) made by leaving the grapes to ripen on straw) – these wines are more expensive and are similar to dessert wines. Bohemia Sekt is also popular with Czechs, and is an inexpensive sweet, fizzy wine, similar to Lambrusco, and drunk at celebrations. The best places for wine are either a wine bar (vinárna), or a wine shop (vinotéka) which sometimes has a small bar area too.

Spirits are made out of almost every kind of fruit (Plums, Peaches, Cherries, Sloes, etc.). For spirits, try:

• Becherovka. Herb liqueur, similar to Jägermeister, tastes of a mixture of cloves and cinnamon, and is drunk as a digestive. (updated Nov 2023)
• Tuzemský rum. Unique to the Czechs and made from sugar beet, not from sugar cane as the Cuban rum, sold under brands like Tuzemák to conform with EU market rules that require the term "rum" to be only applied to sugarcane spirits. Be careful as all are about 40% alcohol by volume (ABV). (updated Nov 2023)
• Slivovice. Plum brandy, very popular as a pick-me-up. (updated Nov 2023)
• Hruškovice. Pear brandy, less fiery than Slivovice (updated Nov 2023)

Generally, fruit sparkling waters (as well as coke waters) are named limonáda in Bohemia or sodovka in Moravia. Draught "limonades" of various types used to be a very cheap and available beverage in common pubs in rural and hiking areas. Now, more expensive "Cola-Fanta-Sprite" choice or draught or bottle Kofola are available usually.

• Kofola. A cola soft drink that is similar to Coca-Cola (though less acidic) is also very popular, and some Czechs say it is the best thing the communists gave them. (updated Jan 2024)

Mineral waters are popular but tend to have a strong mineral taste. Try Mattoni, or Magnesia, both of which taste like normal water and still claim to be good for your health. If you want bubbles, ask for perlivá. If you want it non-carbonated, ask for neperlivá. Sometimes you can see jemně perlivá – it is "lightly bubbled" water. Many restaurants don't make any difference between "sparkling water" and "sparkling mineral water". Sparkling water (without flavour) is traditionally named sodovka (sodová voda, soda water) in Bohemia and sifon in Moravia.

Usually, also some fruit juices are on offer.

Restaurants and most pubs offer also tea and coffee. The basic form of coffee is turecká káva (Turkish coffee) with grounds, but it is offered also as drip coffee, instant coffee or milky coffee, especially with whipping cream (vídeňská káva, Viennese coffee). A broader assortment is offered in cafes (kavárna) or tea rooms (čajovna). Cofes are visited especially by seniors, ladies or intellectuals, and tea rooms have an east-oriented atmosphere and are very popular among non-alcoholic young people in the last decades.

At many train and subway stations and other places, cold and hot non-alcoholic beverages are available in 24/7 vending machines.

Restaurants and pubs do not offer water for free. Not surprisingly, as beer is the national drink, it is usually the cheapest drink you can buy, with prices ranging from 15–60 Kč (€0.50-2) per half litre, depending on the attractiveness of the pub to tourists. Drinks are brought to your table, and often each drink is marked on a small slip of paper which is kept on the table in front of you, so you can keep count of what you have had. When you are ready to leave, ask the waiter for the bill – he or she will calculate the bill according to the number of marks on the paper. It is common to share tables in busy pubs and Czech people will ask Je tu volno? (Is this seat free?), before they sit down.

Try also svařák, hot mulled wine served in all pubs, and outdoors at Christmas markets, grog, hot rum and water served with a slice of lemon - add sugar to taste, and medovina, mead, again usually served hot, and particularly good for warming up at a cold winter market. Finally, if you are heading into Moravia, try burčák, a speciality found only around the end of the summer, or early autumn. It is extremely young wine, usually white, and is the cloudy, still fermenting stage in wine production when the wine is very sweet, and very smooth to drink. It continues to ferment in the stomach, so the alcohol content at the time of drinking it is unknown, but it is usually high, creeps up on you, and it is very moreish. Czechs say that it should only be drunk fresh from the vineyard, and many small private wine makers are passionate about it, waiting up into the night for the moment when the wine reaches the "burčák" stage. You can see it at wine festivals around the country, and sometimes in markets or wine bars too.

The vast majority of Moravians will take no offence to being called Czechs, and consider themselves to be both. If you are attempting to speak Czech, beware of the complexities and slight differences between the terms Čechy (Bohemia) and Česko (Czech Republic). Much like a Welshman or Scotsman wouldn't take too kindly to his country being called England, or a Frisian might raise an eyebrow over his country being called Holland, using the term Čechy (Bohemia) to refer to the entire Czech Republic may not be appreciated by a Moravian. However, since there are no mainstream separatist movements in Moravia, and there is definitely no ethnic conflict, it is infinitely more likely you'll be showered with kisses and plied with alcohol for simply making an attempt to speak Czech.